Grain \Grain\ (gr[=a]n), n. [F. grain, L. granum, grain, seed,
small kernel, small particle. See Corn, and cf. Garner,
n., Garnet, Gram the chick-pea, Granule, Kernel.]
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1. A single small hard seed; a kernel, especially of those
plants, like wheat, whose seeds are used for food.
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2. The fruit of certain grasses which furnish the chief food
of man, as corn, wheat, rye, oats, etc., or the plants
themselves; -- used collectively.
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Storehouses crammed with grain. --Shak.
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3. Any small, hard particle, as of sand, sugar, salt, etc.;
hence, any minute portion or particle; as, a grain of
gunpowder, of pollen, of starch, of sense, of wit, etc.
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I . . . with a grain of manhood well resolved.
--Milton.
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4. The unit of the English system of weights; -- so called
because considered equal to the average of grains taken
from the middle of the ears of wheat. 7,000 grains
constitute the pound avoirdupois, and 5,760 grains the
pound troy. A grain is equal to .0648 gram. See Gram.
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5. A reddish dye made from the coccus insect, or kermes;
hence, a red color of any tint or hue, as crimson,
scarlet, etc.; sometimes used by the poets as equivalent
to Tyrian purple.
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All in a robe of darkest grain. --Milton.
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Doing as the dyers do, who, having first dipped
their silks in colors of less value, then give' them
the last tincture of crimson in grain. --Quoted by
Coleridge,
preface to
Aids to
Reflection.
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6. The composite particles of any substance; that arrangement
of the particles of any body which determines its
comparative roughness or hardness; texture; as, marble,
sugar, sandstone, etc., of fine grain.
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Hard box, and linden of a softer grain. --Dryden.
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7. The direction, arrangement, or appearance of the fibers in
wood, or of the strata in stone, slate, etc.
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Knots, by the conflux of meeting sap,
Infect the sound pine and divert his grain
Tortive and errant from his course of growth.
--Shak.
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8. The fiber which forms the substance of wood or of any
fibrous material.
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9. The hair side of a piece of leather, or the marking on
that side. --Knight.
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10. pl. The remains of grain, etc., after brewing or
distillation; hence, any residuum. Also called draff.
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11. (Bot.) A rounded prominence on the back of a sepal, as in
the common dock. See Grained, a., 4.
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12. Temper; natural disposition; inclination. [Obs.]
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Brothers . . . not united in grain. --Hayward.
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13. A sort of spice, the grain of paradise. [Obs.]
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He cheweth grain and licorice,
To smellen sweet. --Chaucer.
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Against the grain, against or across the direction of the
fibers; hence, against one's wishes or tastes;
unwillingly; unpleasantly; reluctantly; with difficulty.
--Swift. --Saintsbury.
A grain of allowance, a slight indulgence or latitude a
small allowance.
Grain binder, an attachment to a harvester for binding the
grain into sheaves.
Grain colors, dyes made from the coccus or kermes insect.
Grain leather.
(a) Dressed horse hides.
(b) Goat, seal, and other skins blacked on the grain side
for women's shoes, etc.
Grain moth (Zool.), one of several small moths, of the
family Tineid[ae] (as Tinea granella and Butalis
cerealella), whose larv[ae] devour grain in storehouses.
Grain side (Leather), the side of a skin or hide from which
the hair has been removed; -- opposed to flesh side.
Grains of paradise, the seeds of a species of amomum.
grain tin, crystalline tin ore metallic tin smelted with
charcoal.
Grain weevil (Zool.), a small red weevil (Sitophilus
granarius), which destroys stored wheat and other grain,
by eating out the interior.
Grain worm (Zool.), the larva of the grain moth. See grain
moth, above.
In grain, of a fast color; deeply seated; fixed; innate;
genuine. "Anguish in grain." --Herbert.
To dye in grain, to dye of a fast color by means of the
coccus or kermes grain [see Grain, n., 5]; hence, to dye
firmly; also, to dye in the wool, or in the raw material.
See under Dye.
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The red roses flush up in her cheeks . . .
Likce crimson dyed in grain. --Spenser.
To go against the grain of (a person), to be repugnant to;
to vex, irritate, mortify, or trouble.
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Paradise \Par"a*dise\ (p[a^]r"[.a]*d[imac]s), n. [OE. & F.
paradis, L. paradisus, fr. Gr. para`deisos park, paradise,
fr. Zend pairida[=e]za an inclosure; pairi around (akin to
Gr. peri`) + diz to throw up, pile up; cf. Skr. dih to smear,
and E. dough. Cf. Parvis.]
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1. The garden of Eden, in which Adam and Eve were placed
after their creation.
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2. The abode of sanctified souls after death.
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To-day shalt thou be with me in paradise. --Luke
xxiii. 43.
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It sounds to him like her mother's voice,
Singing in Paradise. --Longfellow.
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3. A place of bliss; a region of supreme felicity or delight;
hence, a state of happiness.
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The earth
Shall be all paradise. --Milton.
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Wrapt in the very paradise of some creative vision.
--Beaconsfield.
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4. (Arch.) An open space within a monastery or adjoining a
church, as the space within a cloister, the open court
before a basilica, etc.
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5. A churchyard or cemetery. [Obs.] --Oxf. Gloss.
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Fool's paradise. See under Fool, and Limbo.
Grains of paradise. (Bot.) See Melequeta pepper, under
Pepper.
Paradise bird. (Zool.) Same as Bird of paradise. Among
the most beautiful species are the superb (Lophorina
superba); the magnificent (Diphyllodes magnifica); and
the six-shafted paradise bird (Parotia sefilata). The
long-billed paradise birds (Epimachin[ae]) also include
some highly ornamental species, as the twelve-wired
paradise bird (Seleucides alba), which is black, yellow,
and white, with six long breast feathers on each side,
ending in long, slender filaments. See Bird of paradise
in the Vocabulary.
Paradise fish (Zool.), a beautiful fresh-water Asiatic fish
(Macropodus viridiauratus) having very large fins. It is
often kept alive as an ornamental fish.
Paradise flycatcher (Zool.), any flycatcher of the genus
Terpsiphone, having the middle tail feathers extremely
elongated. The adult male of Terpsiphone paradisi is
white, with the head glossy dark green, and crested.
Paradise grackle (Zool.), a very beautiful bird of New
Guinea, of the genus Astrapia, having dark velvety
plumage with brilliant metallic tints.
Paradise nut (Bot.), the sapucaia nut. See Sapucaia nut.
[Local, U. S.]
Paradise whidah bird. (Zool.) See Whidah.
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Pepper \Pep"per\ (p[e^]p"p[~e]r), n. [OE. peper, AS. pipor, L.
piper, fr. Gr. pe`peri, pi`peri, akin to Skr. pippala,
pippali.]
1. A well-known, pungently aromatic condiment, the dried
berry, either whole or powdered, of the Piper nigrum.
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Note: Common pepper, or black pepper, is made from the
whole berry, dried just before maturity; white pepper
is made from the ripe berry after the outer skin has
been removed by maceration and friction. It has less of
the peculiar properties of the plant than the black
pepper. Pepper is used in medicine as a carminative
stimulant.
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2. (Bot.) The plant which yields pepper, an East Indian woody
climber (Piper nigrum), with ovate leaves and apetalous
flowers in spikes opposite the leaves. The berries are red
when ripe. Also, by extension, any one of the several
hundred species of the genus Piper, widely dispersed
throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the
earth.
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3. Any plant of the genus Capsicum (of the Solanaceae
family, which are unrelated to Piper), and its fruit;
red pepper; chili pepper; as, the bell pepper and the
jalapeno pepper (both Capsicum annuum) and the
habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense); . These contain
varying levels of the substance capsaicin (C18H27O3N),
which gives the peppers their hot taste. The habanero is
about 25-50 times hotter than the jalapeno according to a
scale developed by Wilbur Scoville in 1912. See also
Capsicum and http://www.chili-pepper-plants.com/.
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Note: The term pepper has been extended to various other
fruits and plants, more or less closely resembling the
true pepper, esp. to the common varieties of
Capsicum. See Capsicum, and the Phrases, below.
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African pepper, the Guinea pepper. See under Guinea.
Cayenne pepper. See under Cayenne.
Chinese pepper, the spicy berries of the Xanthoxylum
piperitum, a species of prickly ash found in China and
Japan.
Guinea pepper. See under Guinea, and Capsicum.
Jamaica pepper. See Allspice.
Long pepper.
(a) The spike of berries of Piper longum, an East Indian
shrub.
(b) The root of Piper methysticum (syn. Macropiper
methysticum) of the family Piperaceae. See Kava.
Malaguetta pepper, or Meleguetta pepper, the aromatic
seeds of the Amomum Melegueta, an African plant of the
Ginger family. They are sometimes used to flavor beer,
etc., under the name of grains of Paradise.
Red pepper. See Capsicum.
Sweet pepper bush (Bot.), an American shrub (Clethra
alnifolia), with racemes of fragrant white flowers; --
called also white alder.
Pepper box or Pepper caster, a small box or bottle, with
a perforated lid, used for sprinkling ground pepper on
food, etc.
Pepper corn. See in the Vocabulary.
Pepper elder (Bot.), a West Indian name of several plants
of the Pepper family, species of Piper and Peperomia.
Pepper moth (Zool.), a European moth (Biston betularia)
having white wings covered with small black specks.
Pepper pot, a mucilaginous soup or stew of vegetables and
cassareep, much esteemed in the West Indies.
Pepper root. (Bot.). See Coralwort.
pepper sauce, a condiment for the table, made of small red
peppers steeped in vinegar.
Pepper tree (Bot.), an aromatic tree (Drimys axillaris)
of the Magnolia family, common in New Zealand. See
Peruvian mastic tree, under Mastic.
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