Oil \Oil\ (oil), n. [OE. oile, OF. oile, F. huile, fr. L. oleum;
akin to Gr. ?. Cf. Olive.]
Any one of a great variety of unctuous combustible
substances, more viscous than and not miscible with water;
as, olive oil, whale oil, rock oil, etc. They are of animal,
vegetable, or mineral origin and of varied composition, and
they are variously used for food, for solvents, for
anointing, lubrication, illumination, etc. By extension, any
substance of an oily consistency; as, oil of vitriol.
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Note: The mineral oils are varieties of petroleum. See
Petroleum. The vegetable oils are of two classes,
essential oils (see under Essential), and natural
oils which in general resemble the animal oils and
fats. Most of the natural oils and the animal oils and
fats consist of ethereal salts of glycerin, with a
large number of organic acids, principally stearic,
oleic, and palmitic, forming respectively stearin,
olein, and palmitin. Stearin and palmitin prevail in
the solid oils and fats, and olein in the liquid oils.
Mutton tallow, beef tallow, and lard are rich in
stearin, human fat and palm oil in palmitin, and sperm
and cod-liver oils in olein. In making soaps, the acids
leave the glycerin and unite with the soda or potash.
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Animal oil, Bone oil, Dipple's oil, etc. (Old Chem.), a
complex oil obtained by the distillation of animal
substances, as bones. See Bone oil, under Bone.
Drying oils, Essential oils. (Chem.) See under Drying,
and Essential.
Ethereal oil of wine, Heavy oil of wine. (Chem.) See
under Ethereal.
Fixed oil. (Chem.) See under Fixed.
Oil bag (Zool.), a bag, cyst, or gland in animals,
containing oil.
Oil beetle (Zool.), any beetle of the genus Meloe and
allied genera. When disturbed they emit from the joints of
the legs a yellowish oily liquor. Some species possess
vesicating properties, and are used instead of
cantharides.
Oil box, or Oil cellar (Mach.), a fixed box or reservoir,
for lubricating a bearing; esp., the box for oil beneath
the journal of a railway-car axle.
Oil cake. See under Cake.
Oil cock, a stopcock connected with an oil cup. See Oil
cup.
Oil color.
(a) A paint made by grinding a coloring substance in oil.
(b) Such paints, taken in a general sense.
(b) a painting made from such a paint.
Oil cup, a cup, or small receptacle, connected with a
bearing as a lubricator, and usually provided with a wick,
wire, or adjustable valve for regulating the delivery of
oil.
Oil engine, a gas engine worked with the explosive vapor of
petroleum.
Oil gas, inflammable gas procured from oil, and used for
lighting streets, houses, etc.
Oil gland.
(a) (Zool.) A gland which secretes oil; especially in birds,
the large gland at the base of the tail.
(b) (Bot.) A gland, in some plants, producing oil.
Oil green, a pale yellowish green, like oil.
Oil of brick, empyreumatic oil obtained by subjecting a
brick soaked in oil to distillation at a high temperature,
-- used by lapidaries as a vehicle for the emery by which
stones and gems are sawn or cut. --Brande & C.
Oil of talc, a nostrum made of calcined talc, and famous in
the 17th century as a cosmetic. [Obs.] --B. Jonson.
Oil of vitriol (Chem.), strong sulphuric acid; -- so called
from its oily consistency and from its forming the
vitriols or sulphates.
Oil of wine, [OE]nanthic ether. See under [OE]nanthic.
Oil painting.
(a) The art of painting in oil colors.
(b) Any kind of painting of which the pigments are originally
ground in oil.
Oil palm (Bot.), a palm tree whose fruit furnishes oil,
esp. Elaeis Guineensis. See Elaeis.
Oil sardine (Zool.), an East Indian herring (Clupea
scombrina), valued for its oil.
Oil shark (Zool.)
(a) The liver shark.
(b) The tope.
Oil still, a still for hydrocarbons, esp. for petroleum.
Oil test, a test for determining the temperature at which
petroleum oils give off vapor which is liable to explode.
Oil tree. (Bot.)
(a) A plant of the genus Ricinus (Ricinus communis), from
the seeds of which castor oil is obtained.
(b) An Indian tree, the mahwa. See Mahwa.
(c) The oil palm.
To burn the midnight oil, to study or work late at night.
Volatle oils. See Essential oils, under Essential.
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Bone \Bone\ (b[=o]n; 110), n. [OE. bon, ban, AS. b[=a]n; akin to
Icel. bein, Sw. ben, Dan. & D. been, G. bein bone, leg; cf.
Icel. beinn straight.]
1. (Anat.) The hard, calcified tissue of the skeleton of
vertebrate animals, consisting very largely of calcium
carbonate, calcium phosphate, and gelatine; as, blood and
bone.
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Note: Even in the hardest parts of bone there are many minute
cavities containing living matter and connected by
minute canals, some of which connect with larger canals
through which blood vessels ramify.
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2. One of the pieces or parts of an animal skeleton; as, a
rib or a thigh bone; a bone of the arm or leg; also, any
fragment of bony substance. (pl.) The frame or skeleton of
the body.
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3. Anything made of bone, as a bobbin for weaving bone lace.
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4. pl. Two or four pieces of bone held between the fingers
and struck together to make a kind of music.
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5. pl. Dice.
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6. Whalebone; hence, a piece of whalebone or of steel for a
corset.
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7. Fig.: The framework of anything.
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A bone of contention, a subject of contention or dispute.
A bone to pick, something to investigate, or to busy one's
self about; a dispute to be settled (with some one).
Bone ash, the residue from calcined bones; -- used for
making cupels, and for cleaning jewelry.
Bone black (Chem.), the black, carbonaceous substance into
which bones are converted by calcination in close vessels;
-- called also animal charcoal. It is used as a
decolorizing material in filtering sirups, extracts, etc.,
and as a black pigment. See Ivory black, under Black.
Bone cave, a cave in which are found bones of extinct or
recent animals, mingled sometimes with the works and bones
of man. --Am. Cyc.
Bone dust, ground or pulverized bones, used as a
fertilizer.
Bone earth (Chem.), the earthy residuum after the
calcination of bone, consisting chiefly of phosphate of
calcium.
Bone lace, a lace made of linen thread, so called because
woven with bobbins of bone.
Bone oil, an oil obtained by heating bones (as in the
manufacture of bone black), and remarkable for containing
the nitrogenous bases, pyridine and quinoline, and their
derivatives; -- also called Dippel's oil.
Bone setter. Same as Bonesetter. See in the Vocabulary.
Bone shark (Zool.), the basking shark.
Bone spavin. See under Spavin.
Bone turquoise, fossil bone or tooth of a delicate blue
color, sometimes used as an imitation of true turquoise.
Bone whale (Zool.), a right whale.
To be upon the bones of, to attack. [Obs.]
To make no bones, to make no scruple; not to hesitate.
[Low]
To pick a bone with, to quarrel with, as dogs quarrel over
a bone; to settle a disagreement. [Colloq.]
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