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World Gazetteer Results for Turek:
NameTurek
Geographical TypeLocality
Population29533
Latitude
Longitude
CountryPoland
Administrative DivisionWielkopolskie
Dictionary Results for Poland:
1. WordNet® 3.0 (2006)
Poland
    n 1: a republic in central Europe; the invasion of Poland by
         Germany in 1939 started World War II [syn: Poland,
         Republic of Poland, Polska]

2. CIA World Factbook 2002
Poland

   Introduction Poland
   -------------------
                            Background: Poland is an ancient nation that was
                                        conceived around the middle of the
                                        10th century. It's golden age
                                        occurred in the 16th century. During
                                        the following century, the
                                        strengthening of the gentry and
                                        internal disorders weakened the
                                        nation, until an agreement in 1772
                                        between Russia, Prussia, and Austria
                                        partitioned Poland. Poland regained
                                        its independence in 1918 only to be
                                        overrun by Germany and the Soviet
                                        Union in World War II. It became a
                                        Soviet satellite country following
                                        the war, but one that was
                                        comparatively tolerant and
                                        progressive. Labor turmoil in 1980
                                        led to the formation of the
                                        independent trade union "Solidarity"
                                        that over time became a political
                                        force and by 1990 had swept
                                        parliamentary elections and the
                                        presidency. A "shock therapy"
                                        program during the early 1990s
                                        enabled the country to transform its
                                        economy into one of the most robust
                                        in Central Europe, boosting hopes
                                        for acceptance to the EU. Poland
                                        joined the NATO alliance in 1999.
  
   Geography Poland
   ----------------
                              Location: Central Europe, east of Germany
                Geographic coordinates: 52 00 N, 20 00 E
                        Map references: Europe
                                  Area: total: 312,685 sq km
                                        water: 8,220 sq km
                                        land: 304,465 sq km
                    Area - comparative: slightly smaller than New Mexico
                       Land boundaries: total: 2,788 km
                                        border countries: Belarus 407 km,
                                        Czech Republic 658 km, Germany 456
                                        km, Lithuania 91 km, Russia
                                        (Kaliningrad Oblast) 206 km,
                                        Slovakia 444 km, Ukraine 526 km
                             Coastline: 491 km
                       Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: defined by
                                        international treaties
                                        territorial sea: 12 NM
                               Climate: temperate with cold, cloudy,
                                        moderately severe winters with
                                        frequent precipitation; mild summers
                                        with frequent showers and
                                        thundershowers
                               Terrain: mostly flat plain; mountains along
                                        southern border
                    Elevation extremes: lowest point: Raczki Elblaskie -2 m
                                        highest point: Rysy 2,499 m
                     Natural resources: coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas,
                                        silver, lead, salt, arable land
                              Land use: arable land: 45.81%
                                        permanent crops: 1.23%
                                        other: 52.96% (1998 est.)
                        Irrigated land: 1,000 sq km (1998 est.)
                       Natural hazards: flooding
          Environment - current issues: situation has improved since 1989
                                        due to decline in heavy industry and
                                        increased environmental concern by
                                        postcommunist governments; air
                                        pollution nonetheless remains
                                        serious because of sulfur dioxide
                                        emissions from coal-fired power
                                        plants, and the resulting acid rain
                                        has caused forest damage; water
                                        pollution from industrial and
                                        municipal sources is also a problem,
                                        as is disposal of hazardous wastes
            Environment - international party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic-
                            agreements: Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-
                                        Marine Living Resources, Antarctic
                                        Seals, Antarctic Treaty,
                                        Biodiversity, Climate Change,
                                        Desertification, Endangered Species,
                                        Environmental Modification,
                                        Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
                                        Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban,
                                        Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
                                        Pollution, Wetlands
                                        signed, but not ratified: Air
                                        Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
                                        Pollution-Persistent Organic
                                        Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur
                                        94, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
                      Geography - note: historically, an area of conflict
                                        because of flat terrain and the lack
                                        of natural barriers on the North
                                        European Plain
  
   People Poland
   -------------
                            Population: 38,625,478 (July 2002 est.)
                         Age structure: 0-14 years: 17.9% (male 3,535,701;
                                        female 3,361,515)
                                        15-64 years: 69.5% (male 13,358,128;
                                        female 13,500,443)
                                        65 years and over: 12.6% (male
                                        1,860,274; female 3,009,417) (2002
                                        est.)
                Population growth rate: -0.02% (2002 est.)
                            Birth rate: 10.29 births/1,000 population (2002
                                        est.)
                            Death rate: 9.97 deaths/1,000 population (2002
                                        est.)
                    Net migration rate: -0.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population
                                        (2002 est.)
                             Sex ratio: at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
                                        under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
                                        15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
                                        65 years and over: 0.62 male(s)/
                                        female
                                        total population: 0.94 male(s)/
                                        female (2002 est.)
                 Infant mortality rate: 9.17 deaths/1,000 live births (2002
                                        est.)
              Life expectancy at birth: total population: 73.66 years
                                        female: 78.05 years (2002 est.)
                                        male: 69.52 years
                  Total fertility rate: 1.37 children born/woman (2002 est.)
      HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.07% (1999 est.)
     HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/ NA
                                  AIDS:
                     HIV/AIDS - deaths: less than 100 (1999 est.)
                           Nationality: noun: Pole(s)
                                        adjective: Polish
                         Ethnic groups: Polish 97.6%, German 1.3%, Ukrainian
                                        0.6%, Belarusian 0.5% (1990 est.)
                             Religions: Roman Catholic 95% (about 75%
                                        practicing), Eastern Orthodox,
                                        Protestant, and other 5%
                             Languages: Polish
                              Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read
                                        and write
                                        total population: 99%
                                        male: 99%
                                        female: 98% (1978 est.)
  
   Government Poland
   -----------------
                          Country name: conventional long form: Republic of
                                        Poland
                                        conventional short form: Poland
                                        local short form: Polska
                                        local long form: Rzeczpospolita
                                        Polska
                       Government type: republic
                               Capital: Warsaw
              Administrative divisions: 16 provinces (wojewodztwa, singular
                                        - wojewodztwo); Dolnoslaskie,
                                        Kujawsko-Pomorskie, Lodzkie,
                                        Lubelskie, Lubuskie, Malopolskie,
                                        Mazowieckie, Opolskie, Podkarpackie,
                                        Podlaskie, Pomorskie, Slaskie,
                                        Swietokrzyskie, Warminsko-Mazurskie,
                                        Wielkopolskie, Zachodniopomorskie
                          Independence: 11 November 1918 (independent
                                        republic proclaimed)
                      National holiday: Constitution Day, 3 May (1791)
                          Constitution: 16 October 1997; adopted by the
                                        National Assembly 2 April 1997;
                                        passed by national referendum 23 May
                                        1997
                          Legal system: mixture of Continental (Napoleonic)
                                        civil law and holdover Communist
                                        legal theory; changes being
                                        gradually introduced as part of
                                        broader democratization process;
                                        limited judicial review of
                                        legislative acts although under the
                                        new constitution, the Constitutional
                                        Tribunal ruling will become final as
                                        of October 1999; court decisions can
                                        be appealed to the European Court of
                                        Justice in Strasbourg
                              Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
                      Executive branch: chief of state: President Aleksander
                                        KWASNIEWSKI (since 23 December 1995)
  
                                        elections: president elected by
                                        popular vote for a five-year term;
                                        election last held 8 October 2000
                                        (next to be held NA October 2005);
                                        prime minister and deputy prime
                                        ministers appointed by the president
                                        and confirmed by the Sejm
                                        head of government: Prime Minister
                                        Leszek MILLER (SLD) (since 19
                                        October 2001), Deputy Prime
                                        Ministers Marek POL (since 19
                                        October 2001), Jaroslaw KALINOWSKI
                                        (since 19 October 2001), Grzegorz
                                        KOLODKO (since 8 July 2002)
                                        cabinet: Council of Ministers
                                        responsible to the prime minister
                                        and the Sejm; the prime minister
                                        proposes, the president appoints,
                                        and the Sejm approves the Council of
                                        Ministers
                                        election results: Aleksander
                                        KWASNIEWSKI reelected president;
                                        percent of popular vote - Aleksander
                                        KWASNIEWSKI 53.9%, Andrzj OLECHOWSKI
                                        17.3%, Marian KRZAKLEWSKI 15.6%,
                                        Lech WALESA 1%
                    Legislative branch: bicameral National Assembly or
                                        Zgromadzenie Narodowe consists of
                                        the Sejm (460 seats; members are
                                        elected under a complex system of
                                        proportional representation to serve
                                        four-year terms) and the Senate or
                                        Senat (100 seats; members are
                                        elected by a majority vote on a
                                        provincial basis to serve four-year
                                        terms)
                                        elections: Sejm elections last held
                                        23 September 2001 (next to be held
                                        by September 2005); Senate - last
                                        held 23 September 2001 (next to be
                                        held by September 2005)
                                        election results: Sejm - percent of
                                        vote by party - SLD-UP 41%, PO
                                        12.7%, Samoobrona 10.2%, PiS 9.5%,
                                        PSL 9%, LPR 7.9%, AWSP 5.6% UW 3.1%,
                                        other 1%; seats by party - SLD-UP
                                        216, PO 65, Samoobrona 53, PiS 44,
                                        PSL 42, LPR 38, German minorities 2;
                                        note - SLD-UP has split: SLD has 200
                                        deputies and UP has 16; Senate -
                                        percent of vote by party - NA%;
                                        seats by party - SLD-UP 75, AWSP (an
                                        electoral alliance of some 36
                                        parties) 15, PSL 4, Samoobrona 2,
                                        LPR 2, independents 2
                                        note: two seats are assigned to
                                        ethnic minority parties
                       Judicial branch: Supreme Court (judges are appointed
                                        by the president on the
                                        recommendation of the National
                                        Council of the Judiciary for an
                                        indefinite period); Constitutional
                                        Tribunal (judges are chosen by the
                                        Sejm for nine-year terms)
         Political parties and leaders: Citizens Platform or PO [Maciej
                                        PLAZYNSKI]; Democratic Left Alliance
                                        or SLD (Social Democracy of Poland)
                                        [Leszek MILLER]; Freedom Union or UW
                                        [Wladyslaw FRASYNIUK]; German
                                        Minority of Lower Silesia or MNSO
                                        [Henryk KROLL]; Law and Justice or
                                        PiS [Lech KACZYNSKI]; League of
                                        Polish Families or LPR [Marek
                                        KOTLINOWSKI]; Polish Accord or PP
                                        [Jan LOPUSZANSKI]; Polish Peasant
                                        Party or PSL [Jaroslaw KALINOWSKI];
                                        Samoobrona [Andrzej LEPPER];
                                        Solidarity Electoral Action of the
                                        Right or AWSP [Marian KRZAKLEWSKI];
                                        Social Movement-Solidarity Electoral
                                        Action or RS-AWS [Jerzy BUZEK];
                                        Union of Labor or UP [Marek POL]
          Political pressure groups and All Poland Trade Union Alliance or
                               leaders: OPZZ (trade union); Roman Catholic
                                        Church; Solidarity (trade union)
             International organization ACCT (observer), Australia Group,
                         participation: BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS, CCC, CE,
                                        CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, EU
                                        (applicant), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
                                        ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA
                                        (observer), IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO,
                                        IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO,
                                        ITU, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM (guest),
                                        NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD,
                                        OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD,
                                        UNDOF, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL,
                                        UNIKOM, UNMEE, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMOP,
                                        UNMOT, UNOMIG, UPU, WCL, WEU
                                        (associate), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
                                        WToO, WTrO, ZC
   Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador
                                        Przemyslaw GRUDZINSKI
                                        chancery: 2640 16th Street NW,
                                        Washington, DC 20009
                                        FAX: [1] (202) 328-6271
                                        consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los
                                        Angeles, and New York
                                        telephone: [1] (202) 234-3800
                                        through 3802
     Diplomatic representation from the chief of mission: Ambassador
                                    US: Christopher R. HILL
                                        embassy: Aleje Ujazdowskie 29/31 00-
                                        540, Warsaw P1
                                        mailing address: American Embassy
                                        Warsaw, US Department of State,
                                        Washington, DC 20521-5010 (pouch)
                                        telephone: [48] (22) 628-30-41
                                        FAX: [48] (22) 628-82-98
                                        consulate(s) general: Krakow
                      Flag description: two equal horizontal bands of white
                                        (top) and red; similar to the flags
                                        of Indonesia and Monaco which are
                                        red (top) and white
  
   Economy Poland
   --------------
                    Economy - overview: Poland has steadfastly pursued a
                                        policy of liberalizing the economy
                                        and today stands out as one of the
                                        most successful and open transition
                                        economies. GDP growth had been
                                        strong and steady in 1993-2000 but
                                        fell back in 2001 with slowdowns in
                                        domestic investment and consumption
                                        and the weakening in the global
                                        economy. The privatization of small
                                        and medium state-owned companies and
                                        a liberal law on establishing new
                                        firms have allowed for the rapid
                                        development of a vibrant private
                                        sector. In contrast, Poland's large
                                        agricultural sector remains
                                        handicapped by structural problems,
                                        surplus labor, inefficient small
                                        farms, and lack of investment.
                                        Restructuring and privatization of
                                        "sensitive sectors" (e.g., coal,
                                        steel, railroads, and energy) has
                                        begun. Structural reforms in health
                                        care, education, the pension system,
                                        and state administration have
                                        resulted in larger than expected
                                        fiscal pressures. Further progress
                                        in public finance depends mainly on
                                        privatization of Poland's remaining
                                        state sector. The government's
                                        determination to enter the EU as
                                        soon as possible affects most
                                        aspects of its economic policies.
                                        Improving Poland's outsized current
                                        account deficit and reining in
                                        inflation are priorities. Warsaw
                                        leads the region in foreign
                                        investment and needs a continued
                                        large inflow.
                                   GDP: purchasing power parity - $339.6
                                        billion (2001 est.)
                GDP - real growth rate: 1.5% (2001 est.)
                      GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $8,800
                                        (2001 est.)
           GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 4%
                                        industry: 32%
                                        services: 64% (2000 est.)
         Population below poverty line: 18.4% (2000 est.)
     Household income or consumption by lowest 10%: 3.2%
                      percentage share: highest 10%: 24.7% (1998)
   Distribution of family income - Gini 32.7 (1998)
                                 index:
      Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.3% (2001 est.)
                           Labor force: 17.6 million (2000 est.)
           Labor force - by occupation: industry 22.1%, agriculture 27.5%,
                                        services 50.4% (1999)
                     Unemployment rate: 16.7% (2001 est.)
                                Budget: revenues: $49.6 billion
                                        expenditures: $52.3 billion,
                                        including capital expenditures of
                                        $NA (1999)
                            Industries: machine building, iron and steel,
                                        coal mining, chemicals,
                                        shipbuilding, food processing,
                                        glass, beverages, textiles
     Industrial production growth rate: 4.3% (1999)
              Electricity - production: 135.161 billion kWh (2000)
    Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 98.1%
                                        hydro: 1.54%
                                        other: 0.36% (2000)
                                        nuclear: 0%
             Electricity - consumption: 119.327 billion kWh (2000)
                 Electricity - exports: 9.663 billion kWh (2000)
                 Electricity - imports: 3.29 billion kWh (2000)
                Agriculture - products: potatoes, fruits, vegetables, wheat;
                                        poultry, eggs, pork
                               Exports: $30.8 billion (f.o.b., 2001)
                 Exports - commodities: machinery and transport equipment
                                        30.2%, intermediate manufactured
                                        goods 25.5%, miscellaneous
                                        manufactured goods 20.9%, food and
                                        live animals 8.5% (1999)
                    Exports - partners: Germany 34.9%, Italy 6.3%, France
                                        5.2%, Netherlands 5.1%, UK 4.5%,
                                        Czech Republic 3.8% (2000)
                               Imports: $41.7 billion (f.o.b., 2001)
                 Imports - commodities: machinery and transport equipment
                                        38.2%, intermediate manufactured
                                        goods 20.8%, chemicals 14.3%,
                                        miscellaneous manufactured goods
                                        9.5% (1999)
                    Imports - partners: Germany 23.9%, Russia 9.4%, Italy
                                        8.3%, France 6.4%, UK 4.5%, US 4.4%
                                        (2000)
                       Debt - external: $57 billion (2000)
              Economic aid - recipient: $NA
                              Currency: zloty (PLN)
                         Currency code: PLN
                        Exchange rates: zlotych per US dollar - 4.0144
                                        (December 2001), 4.0939 (2001),
                                        4.3461 (2000), 3.9671 (1999), 3.4754
                                        (1998), 3.2793 (1997)
                                        note: zlotych is the plural form of
                                        zloty
                           Fiscal year: calendar year
  
   Communications Poland
   ---------------------
        Telephones - main lines in use: 8.07 million (1998)
          Telephones - mobile cellular: 1.78 million (1998)
                      Telephone system: general assessment: underdeveloped
                                        and outmoded system; government
                                        aimed to have 10 million telephones
                                        in service by 2000; the process of
                                        partial privatization of the state-
                                        owned telephone monopoly has begun;
                                        in 1998 there were over 2 million
                                        applicants on the waiting list for
                                        telephone service
                                        domestic: cable, open wire, and
                                        microwave radio relay; 3 cellular
                                        networks; local exchanges 56.6%
                                        digital
                                        international: satellite earth
                                        stations - 2 Intelsat, NA Eutelsat,
                                        2 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian
                                        Ocean regions), and 1 Intersputnik
                                        (Atlantic Ocean region)
              Radio broadcast stations: AM 14, FM 777, shortwave 1 (1998)
                                Radios: 20.2 million (1997)
         Television broadcast stations: 179 (plus 256 repeaters) (September
                                        1995)
                           Televisions: 13.05 million (1997)
                 Internet country code: .pl
     Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 19 (2000)
                        Internet users: 3.5 million (2001)
  
   Transportation Poland
   ---------------------
                              Railways: total: 23,420 km
                                        broad gauge: 646 km 1.524-m gauge
                                        standard gauge: 21,639 km 1.435-
                                        m gauge (11,626 km electrified;
                                        8,978 km double-tracked)
                                        narrow gauge: 1,135 km various
                                        gauges including 1.000-m, 0.785-m,
                                        0.750-m, and 0.600-m (2001)
                              Highways: total: 381,046 km
                                        paved: 249,966 km (including 268 km
                                        of expressways)
                                        unpaved: 131,080 km (1998)
                             Waterways: 3,812 km (navigable rivers and
                                        canals) (1996)
                             Pipelines: crude oil and petroleum products
                                        2,280 km; natural gas 17,000 km
                                        (1996)
                     Ports and harbors: Gdansk, Gdynia, Gliwice, Kolobrzeg,
                                        Szczecin, Swinoujscie, Ustka,
                                        Warsaw, Wroclaw
                       Merchant marine: total: 19 ships (1,000 GRT or over)
                                        totaling 382,518 GRT/641,657 DWT
                                        ships by type: bulk 14, cargo 3,
                                        chemical tanker 1, roll on/roll off
                                        1 (2002 est.)
                              Airports: 122 (2001)
         Airports - with paved runways: total: 83
                                        over 3,047 m: 3
                                        2,438 to 3,047 m: 29
                                        914 to 1,523 m: 6
                                        under 914 m: 3 (2001)
                                        1,524 to 2,437 m: 42
       Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 39
                                        2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
                                        1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
                                        under 914 m: 21 (2001)
                                        914 to 1,523 m: 13
                             Heliports: 3 (2001)
  
   Military Poland
   ---------------
                      Military branches: Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense
                                         Force
       Military manpower - military age: 19 years of age (2002 est.)
       Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 10,415,598 (2002
                                         est.)
    Military manpower - fit for military males age 15-49: 8,120,098 (2002
                                service: est.)
            Military manpower - reaching males: 344,781 (2002 est.)
                  military age annually:
          Military expenditures - dollar $3.5 billion (2002)
                                 figure:
      Military expenditures - percent of 1.71% (2002)
                                    GDP:
  
   Transnational Issues Poland
   ---------------------------
              Disputes - international: none
                         Illicit drugs: major illicit producer of
                                        amphetamine for the international
                                        market; minor transshipment point
                                        for Asian and Latin American illicit
                                        drugs to Western Europe
  
                                       



3. U.S. Gazetteer Places (2000)
Poland, NY -- U.S. village in New York
   Population (2000):    451
   Housing Units (2000): 202
   Land area (2000):     0.535492 sq. miles (1.386917 sq. km)
   Water area (2000):    0.006328 sq. miles (0.016390 sq. km)
   Total area (2000):    0.541820 sq. miles (1.403307 sq. km)
   FIPS code:            58937
   Located within:       New York (NY), FIPS 36
   Location:             43.226178 N, 75.061521 W
   ZIP Codes (1990):     13431
   Note: some ZIP codes may be omitted esp. for suburbs.
   Headwords:
    Poland, NY
    Poland


4. U.S. Gazetteer Places (2000)
Poland, OH -- U.S. village in Ohio
   Population (2000):    2866
   Housing Units (2000): 1123
   Land area (2000):     1.244349 sq. miles (3.222848 sq. km)
   Water area (2000):    0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km)
   Total area (2000):    1.244349 sq. miles (3.222848 sq. km)
   FIPS code:            63954
   Located within:       Ohio (OH), FIPS 39
   Location:             41.024676 N, 80.612287 W
   ZIP Codes (1990):     44514
   Note: some ZIP codes may be omitted esp. for suburbs.
   Headwords:
    Poland, OH
    Poland


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