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World Gazetteer Results for Orgūn:
NameOrgūn
Alternate NamesOrgun
Geographical TypeLocality
Population10665
Latitude
Longitude
CountryAfghanistan
Administrative DivisionPaktīkā
Dictionary Results for Afghanistan:
1. WordNet® 3.0 (2006)
Afghanistan
    n 1: a mountainous landlocked country in central Asia; bordered
         by Iran to the west and Russia to the north and Pakistan to
         the east and south; "Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan in
         1979" [syn: Afghanistan, Islamic State of Afghanistan]

2. The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48
Afghanistan \Afghanistan\ n.
   1. a mountainous country in central Asia.
      [WordNet 1.5]

3. CIA World Factbook 2002
Afghanistan

   Introduction Afghanistan
   ------------------------
                            Background: Afghanistan's recent history is
                                        characterized by war and civil
                                        strife, with intermittent periods of
                                        relative calm and stability. The
                                        Soviet Union invaded in 1979 but was
                                        forced to withdraw 10 years later by
                                        anti-Communist mujahidin forces
                                        supplied and trained by the US,
                                        Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and others.
                                        Fighting subsequently continued
                                        among the various mujahidin
                                        factions, giving rise to a state of
                                        warlordism that spawned the Taliban
                                        in the early 1990s. The Taliban was
                                        able to seize most of the country,
                                        aside from Northern Alliance
                                        strongholds primarily in the
                                        northeast, until US and allied
                                        military action in support of the
                                        opposition following the 11
                                        September 2001 terrorist attacks
                                        forced the group's downfall. The
                                        four largest Afghan opposition
                                        groups met in Bonn, Germany, in late
                                        2001 and agreed on a plan for the
                                        formulation of a new government
                                        structure that resulted in the
                                        inauguration of Hamid KARZAI as
                                        Chairman of the Afghan Interim
                                        Authority (AIA) on 22 December 2001.
                                        In addition to occasionally violent
                                        political jockeying and ongoing
                                        military action to root out
                                        remaining terrorists and Taliban
                                        elements, the country suffers from
                                        enormous poverty, a crumbling
                                        infrastructure, and widespread land
                                        mines.
  
   Geography Afghanistan
   ---------------------
                              Location: Southern Asia, north and west of
                                        Pakistan, east of Iran
                Geographic coordinates: 33 00 N, 65 00 E
                        Map references: Asia
                                  Area: total: 647,500 sq km
                                        water: 0 sq km
                                        land: 647,500 sq km
                    Area - comparative: slightly smaller than Texas
                       Land boundaries: total: 5,529 km
                                        border countries: China 76 km, Iran
                                        936 km, Pakistan 2,430 km,
                                        Tajikistan 1,206 km, Turkmenistan
                                        744 km, Uzbekistan 137 km
                             Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
                       Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
                               Climate: arid to semiarid; cold winters and
                                        hot summers
                               Terrain: mostly rugged mountains; plains in
                                        north and southwest
                    Elevation extremes: lowest point: Amu Darya 258 m
                                        highest point: Nowshak 7,485 m
                     Natural resources: natural gas, petroleum, coal,
                                        copper, chromite, talc, barites,
                                        sulfur, lead, zinc, iron ore, salt,
                                        precious and semiprecious stones
                              Land use: arable land: 12.13%
                                        permanent crops: 0.22%
                                        other: 87.65% (1998 est.)
                        Irrigated land: 23,860 sq km (1998 est.)
                       Natural hazards: damaging earthquakes occur in Hindu
                                        Kush mountains; flooding; droughts
          Environment - current issues: limited natural fresh water
                                        resources; inadequate supplies of
                                        potable water; soil degradation;
                                        overgrazing; deforestation (much of
                                        the remaining forests are being cut
                                        down for fuel and building
                                        materials); desertification; air and
                                        water pollution
            Environment - international party to: Desertification,
                            agreements: Endangered Species, Environmental
                                        Modification, Marine Dumping,
                                        Nuclear Test Ban
                                        signed, but not ratified:
                                        Biodiversity, Climate Change,
                                        Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
                                        Marine Life Conservation
                      Geography - note: landlocked; the Hindu Kush mountains
                                        that run northeast to southwest
                                        divide the northern provinces from
                                        the rest of the country; the highest
                                        peaks are in the northern Vakhan
                                        (Wakhan Corridor)
  
   People Afghanistan
   ------------------
                            Population: 27,755,775 (July 2002 est.)
                         Age structure: 0-14 years: 42% (male 5,953,291;
                                        female 5,706,542)
                                        15-64 years: 55.2% (male 7,935,101;
                                        female 7,382,101)
                                        65 years and over: 2.8% (male
                                        410,278; female 368,462) (2002 est.)
                Population growth rate: 3.43%
                                        note: this rate reflects the
                                        continued return of refugees from
                                        Iran (2002 est.)
                            Birth rate: 41.03 births/1,000 population (2002
                                        est.)
                            Death rate: 17.43 deaths/1,000 population (2002
                                        est.)
                    Net migration rate: 10.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population
                                        (2002 est.)
                             Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
                                        under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
                                        15-64 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
                                        65 years and over: 1.11 male(s)/
                                        female
                                        total population: 1.06 male(s)/
                                        female (2002 est.)
                 Infant mortality rate: 144.76 deaths/1,000 live births
                                        (2002 est.)
              Life expectancy at birth: total population: 46.6 years
                                        female: 45.85 years (2002 est.)
                                        male: 47.32 years
                  Total fertility rate: 5.72 children born/woman (2002 est.)
      HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: less than 0.01% (1999 est.)
     HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/ NA
                                  AIDS:
                     HIV/AIDS - deaths: NA
                           Nationality: noun: Afghan(s)
                                        adjective: Afghan
                         Ethnic groups: Pashtun 44%, Tajik 25%, Hazara 10%,
                                        minor ethnic groups (Aimaks,
                                        Turkmen, Baloch, and others) 13%,
                                        Uzbek 8%
                             Religions: Sunni Muslim 84%, Shi'a Muslim 15%,
                                        other 1%
                             Languages: Pashtu 35%, Afghan Persian (Dari)
                                        50%, Turkic languages (primarily
                                        Uzbek and Turkmen) 11%, 30 minor
                                        languages (primarily Balochi and
                                        Pashai) 4%, much bilingualism
                              Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read
                                        and write
                                        male: 51%
                                        female: 21% (1999 est.)
                                        total population: 36%
                         People - note: large numbers of Afghan refugees
                                        create burdens on neighboring states
  
   Government Afghanistan
   ----------------------
                          Country name: conventional long form: Islamic
                                        State of Afghanistan
                                        conventional short form: Afghanistan
  
                                        local short form: Afghanestan
                                        former: Republic of Afghanistan
                                        local long form: Dowlat-e Eslami-ye
                                        Afghanestan
                       Government type: transitional
                               Capital: Kabul
              Administrative divisions: 32 provinces (velayat, singular -
                                        velayat); Badakhshan, Badghis,
                                        Baghlan, Balkh, Bamian, Farah,
                                        Faryab, Ghazni, Ghowr, Helmand,
                                        Herat, Jowzjan, Kabol, Kandahar,
                                        Kapisa, Konar, Kondoz, Laghman,
                                        Lowgar, Nangarhar, Nimruz, Oruzgan,
                                        Paktia, Paktika, Parvan, Samangan,
                                        Sar-e Pol, Takhar, Vardak, Zabol,
                                        Nurestan, and Khowst
                          Independence: 19 August 1919 (from UK control over
                                        Afghan foreign affairs)
                      National holiday: Independence Day, 19 August (1919)
                          Constitution: the Bonn Agreement calls for a
                                        Constitutional Loya Jirga (Grand
                                        Council) to be convened within 18
                                        months of the establishment of the
                                        Transitional Authority to draft a
                                        new constitution for the country;
                                        the basis for the next constitution
                                        is the 1963/64 Constitution,
                                        according to the Bonn Agreement
                          Legal system: the Bonn Agreement calls for a
                                        judicial commission to rebuild the
                                        justice system in accordance with
                                        Islamic principles, international
                                        standards, the rule of law, and
                                        Afghan legal traditions
                              Suffrage: NA; previously males 15-50 years of
                                        age
                      Executive branch: note: following the Taliban's
                                        refusal to hand over Usama bin LADIN
                                        to the US for his suspected
                                        involvement in the 11 September 2001
                                        terrorist attacks in the US, a US-
                                        led international coalition was
                                        formed; after several weeks of
                                        aerial bombardment by coalition
                                        forces and military action on the
                                        ground, including Afghan opposition
                                        forces, the Taliban was ousted from
                                        power on 17 November 2001; in
                                        December 2001 a number of prominent
                                        Afghans met under UN auspices in
                                        Bonn, Germany, to decide on a plan
                                        for governing the country; as a
                                        result, the Afghan Interim Authority
                                        (AIA) - made up of 30 members,
                                        headed by a chairman and five deputy
                                        chairmen - was inaugurated on 22
                                        December 2001 with about a six-month
                                        mandate to be followed by a two-year
                                        Transitional Authority (TA) after
                                        which elections are to be held; the
                                        structure of the follow-on TA will
                                        be announced on 10 June 2002 when
                                        the Loya Jirga (grand assembly) is
                                        convened
                                        chief of state: Chairman of the AIA,
                                        Hamad KARZAI (since 22 December
                                        2001); note - presently the chairman
                                        is both chief of state and head of
                                        government
                                        head of government: Chairman of the
                                        AIA, Hamad KARZAI (since 22 December
                                        2001); note - presently the chairman
                                        is both chief of state and head of
                                        government
                                        cabinet: the 30-member AIA
                                        elections: NA
                    Legislative branch: nonfunctioning as of June 1993
                       Judicial branch: the Bonn Agreement calls for the
                                        establishment of a Supreme Court
         Political parties and leaders: NA; note - political parties in
                                        Afghanistan are in flux and many
                                        prominent players have plans to
                                        create new parties; the three main
                                        groups represented in the Afghan
                                        Interim Authority (AIA) are: the
                                        Northern Alliance (also known as the
                                        United Islamic Front for the
                                        Salvation of Afghanistan) - the main
                                        opposition to the Taliban - composed
                                        of different ethnic and political
                                        groups; the Rome Group, associated
                                        with the former king of Afghanistan,
                                        composed mainly of expatriate
                                        Afghans; and the Peshawar Group,
                                        another expatriate group; there are
                                        also several "independent" groups
          Political pressure groups and NA; note - ministries formed under
                               leaders: the Afghan Interim Authority(AIA)
                                        include former pressure group
                                        leaders
             International organization AsDB, CP, ECO, ESCAP, FAO, G-77,
                         participation: IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB,
                                        IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IOC
                                        (suspended), IOM (observer), ITU,
                                        NAM, OIC, OPCW (signatory), UN,
                                        UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU,
                                        WHO, WMO, WToO
   Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: ambassador Ishaq
                                        SHAHRYAR (as of 19 June 2002)
                                        chancery: 2341 Wyoming Avenue, N.W.,
                                        Washington, DC 20008
                                        FAX: 202-483-6487
                                        consulate(s) general: New York
                                        telephone: 202-483-6410
     Diplomatic representation from the chief of mission: Ambassador Robert
                                    US: Patrick John FINN; note - embassy in
                                        Kabul reopened 16 December 2001
                                        following closure in January 1989
                                        embassy: Great Masood Road, Kabul
                                        mailing address: NA
                                        telephone: 93-2-290002-290005
                                        FAX: NA
                      Flag description: three equal vertical bands of black
                                        (hoist), red, and green with a gold
                                        emblem centered on the red band; the
                                        emblem features a temple-like
                                        structure encircled by a wreath on
                                        the left and right and by a bold
                                        Islamic inscription above
  
   Economy Afghanistan
   -------------------
                    Economy - overview: Afghanistan is an extremely poor,
                                        landlocked country, highly dependent
                                        on farming and livestock raising
                                        (sheep and goats). Economic
                                        considerations have played second
                                        fiddle to political and military
                                        upheavals during two decades of war,
                                        including the nearly 10-year Soviet
                                        military occupation (which ended 15
                                        February 1989). During that conflict
                                        one-third of the population fled the
                                        country, with Pakistan and Iran
                                        sheltering a combined peak of more
                                        than 6 million refugees. Gross
                                        domestic product has fallen
                                        substantially over the past 20 years
                                        because of the loss of labor and
                                        capital and the disruption of trade
                                        and transport; severe drought added
                                        to the nation's difficulties in
                                        1998-2001. The majority of the
                                        population continues to suffer from
                                        insufficient food, clothing,
                                        housing, and medical care, problems
                                        exacerbated by military operations
                                        and political uncertainties.
                                        Inflation remains a serious problem.
                                        Following the US-led coalition war
                                        that led to the defeat of the
                                        Taliban in November 2001 and the
                                        formulation of the Afghan Interim
                                        Authority (AIA) resulting from the
                                        December 2001 Bonn Agreement,
                                        International efforts to rebuild
                                        Afghanistan were addressed at the
                                        Tokyo Donors Conference for Afghan
                                        Reconstruction in January 2002, when
                                        $4.5 billion was collected for a
                                        trust fund to be administered by the
                                        World Bank. Priority areas for
                                        reconstruction include the
                                        construction of education, health,
                                        and sanitation facilities,
                                        enhancement of administrative
                                        capacity, the development of the
                                        agricultural sector, and the
                                        rebuilding of road, energy, and
                                        telecommunication links.
                                   GDP: purchasing power parity - $21
                                        billion (2000 est.)
                GDP - real growth rate: NA%
                      GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $800 (2000
                                        est.)
           GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 60%
                                        industry: 20%
                                        services: 20% (1990 est.)
         Population below poverty line: NA%
     Household income or consumption by lowest 10%: NA%
                      percentage share: highest 10%: NA%
      Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
                           Labor force: 10 million (2000 est.)
           Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 80%, industry 10%,
                                        services 10% (1990 est.)
                     Unemployment rate: NA%
                                Budget: revenues: $NA
                                        expenditures: $NA, including capital
                                        expenditures of $NA
                            Industries: small-scale production of textiles,
                                        soap, furniture, shoes, fertilizer,
                                        and cement; handwoven carpets;
                                        natural gas, coal, copper
              Electricity - production: 375 million kWh (2000)
    Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 36%
                                        hydro: 64%
                                        other: 0% (2000)
                                        nuclear: 0%
             Electricity - consumption: 453.75 million kWh (2000)
                 Electricity - exports: 0 kWh (2000)
                 Electricity - imports: 105 million kWh (2000)
                Agriculture - products: wheat, fruits, nuts, wool, mutton,
                                        sheepskin, and lambskin
                               Exports: $1.2 billion (2001 est.)
                 Exports - commodities: opium, fruits and nuts, handwoven
                                        carpets, wool, cotton, hides and
                                        pelts, precious and semi-precious
                                        gems
                    Exports - partners: Pakistan 32%, India 8%, Belgium 7%,
                                        Germany 5%, Russia 5%, UAE 4% (1999)
                               Imports: $1.3 billion (2001 est.)
                 Imports - commodities: capital goods, food and petroleum
                                        products; most consumer goods
                    Imports - partners: Pakistan 19%, Japan 16%, Kenya 9%,
                                        South Korea 7%, India 6%,
                                        Turkmenistan 6% (1999)
                       Debt - external: $5.5 billion (1996 est.)
              Economic aid - recipient: international pledges made by more
                                        than 60 countries and international
                                        financial institutions at the Tokyo
                                        Donors Conference for Afghan
                                        reconstruction in January 2002
                                        reached $4.5 billion through 2006,
                                        with $1.8 billion allocated for
                                        2002; according to a joint
                                        preliminary assessment conducted by
                                        the World Bank, the Asian
                                        Development Bank, and the UN
                                        Development Program, rebuilding
                                        Afghanistan will cost roughly $15
                                        billion over the next ten years
                              Currency: afghani (AFA)
                         Currency code: AFA
                        Exchange rates: afghanis per US dollar - 4,700
                                        (January 2000), 4,750 (February
                                        1999), 17,000 (December 1996), 7,000
                                        (January 1995), 1,900 (January
                                        1994), 1,019 (March 1993), 850
                                        (1991); note - these rates reflect
                                        the free market exchange rates
                                        rather than the official exchange
                                        rate, which was fixed at 50.600
                                        afghanis to the dollar until 1996,
                                        when it rose to 2,262.65 per dollar,
                                        and finally became fixed again at
                                        3,000.00 per dollar in April 1996
                           Fiscal year: 21 March - 20 March
  
   Communications Afghanistan
   --------------------------
        Telephones - main lines in use: 29,000 (1998)
          Telephones - mobile cellular: NA
                      Telephone system: general assessment: very limited
                                        telephone and telegraph service
                                        domestic: in 1997,
                                        telecommunications links were
                                        established between Mazar-e Sharif,
                                        Herat, Kandahar, Jalalabad, and
                                        Kabul through satellite and
                                        microwave systems
                                        international: satellite earth
                                        stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)
                                        linked only to Iran and 1
                                        Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean
                                        region); commercial satellite
                                        telephone center in Ghazni
              Radio broadcast stations: AM 7 (6 are inactive; the active
                                        station is in Kabul), FM 1,
                                        shortwave 1 (broadcasts in Pashtu,
                                        Afghan Persian (Dari), Urdu, and
                                        English) (1999)
                                Radios: 167,000 (1999)
         Television broadcast stations: at least 10 (one government-run
                                        central television station in Kabul
                                        and regional stations in nine of the
                                        32 provinces; the regional stations
                                        operate on a reduced schedule; also,
                                        in 1997, there was a station in
                                        Mazar-e Sharif reaching four
                                        northern Afghanistan provinces)
                                        (1998)
                           Televisions: 100,000 (1999)
                 Internet country code: .af
     Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 1 (2000)
                        Internet users: NA
  
   Transportation Afghanistan
   --------------------------
                              Railways: total: 24.6 km
                                        broad gauge: 9.6 km 1.524-m gauge
                                        from Gushgy (Turkmenistan) to
                                        Towraghondi; 15 km 1.524-m gauge
                                        from Termiz (Uzbekistan) to
                                        Kheyrabad transshipment point on
                                        south bank of Amu Darya (2001)
                              Highways: total: 21,000 km
                                        paved: 2,793 km
                                        unpaved: 18,207 km (1998 est.)
                             Waterways: 1,200 km
                                        note: chiefly Amu Darya, which
                                        handles vessels up to 500 DWT (2001)
                             Pipelines: natural gas 180 km
                                        note: product pipelines from
                                        Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan have
                                        been in disrepair and disuse for
                                        years (2002)
                     Ports and harbors: Kheyrabad, Shir Khan
                              Airports: 46 (2001)
         Airports - with paved runways: total: 10
                                        over 3,047 m: 3
                                        2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
                                        under 914 m: 1 (2001)
                                        1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
       Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 36
                                        under 914 m: 11 (2001)
                                        2,438 to 3,047 m: 7
                                        1,524 to 2,437 m: 13
                                        914 to 1,523 m: 4
                             Heliports: 2 (2001)
  
   Military Afghanistan
   --------------------
                      Military branches: NA; note - the December 2001 Bonn
                                         Agreement calls for all militia
                                         forces to come under Afghan Interim
                                         Authority (AIA) control, but
                                         formation of a national army is
                                         likely to be a gradual process;
                                         Afghanistan's forces continue to be
                                         factionalized largely along ethnic
                                         lines
       Military manpower - military age: 22 years of age (2002 est.)
       Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 6,896,623 (2002
                                         est.)
    Military manpower - fit for military males age 15-49: 3,696,379 (2002
                                service: est.)
   Military manpower - reaching military males: 252,869 (2002 est.)
                           age annually:
          Military expenditures - dollar $NA
                                 figure:
      Military expenditures - percent of NA%
                                    GDP:
  
   Transnational Issues Afghanistan
   --------------------------------
              Disputes - international: close ties with Pashtuns in Pakistan
                                        make long border difficult to
                                        control
                         Illicit drugs: poppy ban cut 2001 cultivation by
                                        97% to 1,695 hectares, with
                                        potential production of 74 tons of
                                        opium; a major source of hashish;
                                        many heroin-processing laboratories
                                        throughout the country; major
                                        political factions in the country
                                        profit from the drug trade
  
                                       



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