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World Gazetteer Results for Murgab:
NameMurgab
Geographical TypeLocality
Population13199
Latitude
Longitude
CountryTurkmenistan
Administrative DivisionMari
Dictionary Results for Turkmenistan:
1. WordNet® 3.0 (2006)
Turkmenistan
    n 1: a republic in Asia to the east of the Caspian Sea and to
         the south of Kazakhstan and to the north of Iran; an Asian
         soviet from 1925 to 1991 [syn: Turkmenistan, Turkomen,
         Turkmen, Turkmenia]

2. CIA World Factbook 2002
Turkmenistan

   Introduction Turkmenistan
   -------------------------
                            Background: Annexed by Russia between 1865 and
                                        1885, Turkmenistan became a Soviet
                                        republic in 1925. It achieved its
                                        independence upon the dissolution of
                                        the USSR in 1991. President NIYAZOV
                                        retains absolute control over the
                                        country and opposition is not
                                        tolerated. Extensive hydrocarbon/
                                        natural gas reserves could prove a
                                        boon to this underdeveloped country
                                        if extraction and delivery projects
                                        can be worked out.
  
   Geography Turkmenistan
   ----------------------
                              Location: Central Asia, bordering the Caspian
                                        Sea, between Iran and Kazakhstan
                Geographic coordinates: 40 00 N, 60 00 E
                        Map references: Asia
                                  Area: total: 488,100 sq km
                                        water: 0 sq km
                                        land: 488,100 sq km
                    Area - comparative: slightly larger than California
                       Land boundaries: total: 3,736 km
                                        border countries: Afghanistan 744
                                        km, Iran 992 km, Kazakhstan 379 km,
                                        Uzbekistan 1,621 km
                             Coastline: 0 km; note - Turkmenistan borders
                                        the Caspian Sea (1,768 km)
                       Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
                               Climate: subtropical desert
                               Terrain: flat-to-rolling sandy desert with
                                        dunes rising to mountains in the
                                        south; low mountains along border
                                        with Iran; borders Caspian Sea in
                                        west
                    Elevation extremes: lowest point: Vpadina Akchanaya -81
                                        m; note - Sarygamysh Koli is a lake
                                        in northern Turkmenistan with a
                                        water level that fluctuates above
                                        and below the elevation of Vpadina
                                        Akchanaya (the lake has dropped as
                                        low as -110 m)
                                        highest point: Gora Ayribaba 3,139 m
                     Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, coal,
                                        sulfur, salt
                              Land use: arable land: 3.47%
                                        permanent crops: 0.14%
                                        other: 96.39% (1998 est.)
                        Irrigated land: 18,000 sq km (1998 est.)
                       Natural hazards: NA
          Environment - current issues: contamination of soil and
                                        groundwater with agricultural
                                        chemicals, pesticides; salination,
                                        water-logging of soil due to poor
                                        irrigation methods; Caspian Sea
                                        pollution; diversion of a large
                                        share of the flow of the Amu Darya
                                        into irrigation contributes to that
                                        river's inability to replenish the
                                        Aral Sea; desertification
            Environment - international party to: Biodiversity, Climate
                            agreements: Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
                                        Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous
                                        Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection
                                        signed, but not ratified: none of
                                        the selected agreements
                      Geography - note: landlocked; the western and central
                                        low-lying, desolate portions of the
                                        country make up the great Garagum
                                        (Kara-Kum) desert, which occupies
                                        over 80% of the country; eastern
                                        part is plateau
  
   People Turkmenistan
   -------------------
                            Population: 4,688,963 (July 2002 est.)
                         Age structure: 0-14 years: 37.3% (male 895,536;
                                        female 853,301)
                                        15-64 years: 58.6% (male 1,350,142;
                                        female 1,399,879)
                                        65 years and over: 4.1% (male
                                        72,784; female 117,321) (2002 est.)
                Population growth rate: 1.84% (2002 est.)
                            Birth rate: 28.27 births/1,000 population (2002
                                        est.)
                            Death rate: 8.92 deaths/1,000 population (2002
                                        est.)
                    Net migration rate: -0.98 migrant(s)/1,000 population
                                        (2002 est.)
                             Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
                                        under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
                                        15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
                                        65 years and over: 0.62 male(s)/
                                        female
                                        total population: 0.98 male(s)/
                                        female (2002 est.)
                 Infant mortality rate: 73.21 deaths/1,000 live births (2002
                                        est.)
              Life expectancy at birth: total population: 61.1 years
                                        female: 64.8 years (2002 est.)
                                        male: 57.57 years
                  Total fertility rate: 3.54 children born/woman (2002 est.)
      HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.01% (1999 est.)
     HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/ less than 100 (1999 est.)
                                  AIDS:
                     HIV/AIDS - deaths: less than 100 (1999 est.)
                           Nationality: noun: Turkmen(s)
                                        adjective: Turkmen
                         Ethnic groups: Turkmen 77%, Uzbek 9.2%, Russian
                                        6.7%, Kazakh 2%, other 5.1% (1995)
                             Religions: Muslim 89%, Eastern Orthodox 9%,
                                        unknown 2%
                             Languages: Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%,
                                        other 7%
                              Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read
                                        and write
                                        total population: 98%
                                        male: 99%
                                        female: 97% (1989 est.)
  
   Government Turkmenistan
   -----------------------
                          Country name: conventional long form: none
                                        conventional short form:
                                        Turkmenistan
                                        local long form: none
                                        former: Turkmen Soviet Socialist
                                        Republic
                                        local short form: Turkmenistan
                       Government type: republic
                               Capital: Ashgabat
              Administrative divisions: 5 provinces (welayatlar, singular -
                                        welayat): Ahal Welayaty (Ashgabat),
                                        Balkan Welayaty (Balkanabat),
                                        Dasoguz Welayaty, Labap Welayaty
                                        (Turkmenabat), Mary Welayaty
                                        note: administrative divisions have
                                        the same names as their
                                        administrative centers (exceptions
                                        have the administrative center name
                                        following in parentheses)
                          Independence: 27 October 1991 (from the Soviet
                                        Union)
                      National holiday: Independence Day, 27 October (1991)
                          Constitution: adopted 18 May 1992
                          Legal system: based on civil law system
                              Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
                      Executive branch: chief of state: President and
                                        Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers
                                        Saparmurat NIYAZOV (since 27 October
                                        1990, when the first direct
                                        presidential election occurred);
                                        note - the president is both the
                                        chief of state and head of
                                        government
                                        head of government: President and
                                        Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers
                                        Saparmurat NIYAZOV (since 27 October
                                        1990, when the first direct
                                        presidential election occurred);
                                        note - the president is both the
                                        chief of state and head of
                                        government
                                        cabinet: Council of Ministers
                                        appointed by the president
                                        elections: president elected by
                                        popular vote for a five-year term;
                                        election last held 21 June 1992
                                        (next to be held NA); note -
                                        President NIYAZOV was unanimously
                                        approved as president for life by
                                        the Assembly on 28 December 1999);
                                        deputy chairmen of the cabinet of
                                        ministers are appointed by the
                                        president
                                        election results: Saparmurat NIYAZOV
                                        elected president without
                                        opposition; percent of vote -
                                        Saparmurat NIYAZOV 99.5%
                                        note: NIYAZOV's term in office was
                                        extended indefinitely on 28 December
                                        1999 by the Assembly (Majlis) during
                                        a session of the People's Council
                                        (Halk Maslahaty)
                    Legislative branch: under the 1992 constitution, there
                                        are two parliamentary bodies, a
                                        unicameral People's Council or Halk
                                        Maslahaty (more than 100 seats, some
                                        of which are elected by popular vote
                                        and some of which are appointed;
                                        meets infrequently) and a unicameral
                                        Assembly or Majlis (50 seats;
                                        members are elected by popular vote
                                        to serve five-year terms)
                                        election results: Assembly - percent
                                        of vote by party - NA%; seats by
                                        party - NA; note - all 50 elected
                                        officials preapproved by President
                                        NIYAZOV; most are from the DPT
                                        elections: People's Council - NA;
                                        Assembly - last held 12 December
                                        1999 (next to be held NA 2004)
                       Judicial branch: Supreme Court (judges are appointed
                                        by the president)
         Political parties and leaders: Democratic Party of Turkmenistan or
                                        DPT [Saparmurat NIYAZOV]
                                        note: formal opposition parties are
                                        outlawed; unofficial, small
                                        opposition movements exist
                                        underground or in foreign countries
          Political pressure groups and NA
                               leaders:
             International organization AsDB, CCC, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECE,
                         participation: ECO, ESCAP, FAO, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM,
                                        IDB, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IOC,
                                        IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent),
                                        ITU, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN,
                                        UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU,
                                        WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
                                        (observer)
   Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Mered
                                        Bairamovich ORAZOV
                                        FAX: [1] (202) 588-0697
                                        telephone: [1] (202) 588-1500
                                        chancery: 2207 Massachusetts Avenue
                                        NW, Washington, DC 20008
     Diplomatic representation from the chief of mission: Ambassador Laura
                                    US: E. KENNEDY
                                        embassy: 9 Pushkin Street, Ashgabat,
                                        Turkmenistan 774000
                                        mailing address: use embassy street
                                        address
                                        telephone: [9] (9312) 35-00-45
                                        FAX: [9] (9312) 51-13-05
                      Flag description: green field with a vertical red
                                        stripe near the hoist side,
                                        containing five carpet guls (designs
                                        used in producing rugs) stacked
                                        above two crossed olive branches
                                        similar to the olive branches on the
                                        UN flag; a white crescent moon and
                                        five white stars appear in the upper
                                        corner of the field just to the fly
                                        side of the red stripe
  
   Economy Turkmenistan
   --------------------
                    Economy - overview: Turkmenistan is largely desert
                                        country with intensive agriculture
                                        in irrigated oases and huge gas
                                        (fifth largest reserves in the
                                        world) and oil resources. One-half
                                        of its irrigated land is planted in
                                        cotton, making it the world's tenth
                                        largest producer. Until the end of
                                        1993, Turkmenistan had experienced
                                        less economic disruption than other
                                        former Soviet states because its
                                        economy received a boost from higher
                                        prices for oil and gas and a sharp
                                        increase in hard currency earnings.
                                        In 1994, Russia's refusal to export
                                        Turkmen gas to hard currency markets
                                        and mounting debts of its major
                                        customers in the former USSR for gas
                                        deliveries contributed to a sharp
                                        fall in industrial production and
                                        caused the budget to shift from a
                                        surplus to a slight deficit. With an
                                        authoritarian ex-Communist regime in
                                        power and a tribally based social
                                        structure, Turkmenistan has taken a
                                        cautious approach to economic
                                        reform, hoping to use gas and cotton
                                        sales to sustain its inefficient
                                        economy. Privatization goals remain
                                        limited. In 1998-2001, Turkmenistan
                                        has suffered from the continued lack
                                        of adequate export routes for
                                        natural gas and from obligations on
                                        extensive short-term external debt.
                                        At the same time, however, total
                                        exports have risen sharply because
                                        of higher international oil and gas
                                        prices. Prospects in the near future
                                        are discouraging because of
                                        widespread internal poverty, the
                                        burden of foreign debt, and the
                                        unwillingness of the government to
                                        adopt market-oriented reforms.
                                        However, Turkmenistan's cooperation
                                        with the international community in
                                        transporting humanitarian aid to
                                        Afghanistan may foreshadow a change
                                        in the atmosphere for foreign
                                        investment, aid, and technological
                                        support. Turkmenistan's economic
                                        statistics are state secrets, and
                                        GDP and other figures are subject to
                                        wide margins of error.
                                   GDP: purchasing power parity - $21.5
                                        billion (2001 est.)
                GDP - real growth rate: 10% (2001 est.)
                      GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $4,700
                                        (2001 est.)
           GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 27%
                                        industry: 45%
                                        services: 28% (2000 est.)
         Population below poverty line: 34.4% (2001 est.)
     Household income or consumption by lowest 10%: 2.6%
                      percentage share: highest 10%: 31.7% (1998)
   Distribution of family income - Gini 40.8 (1998)
                                 index:
      Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10% (2001 est.)
                           Labor force: 2.34 million (1996)
           Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 48%, industry 15%,
                                        services 37% (1998 est.)
                     Unemployment rate: NA%
                                Budget: revenues: $588.6 million
                                        expenditures: $658.2 million,
                                        including capital expenditures of
                                        $NA (1999 est.)
                            Industries: natural gas, oil, petroleum
                                        products, textiles, food processing
     Industrial production growth rate: NA%
              Electricity - production: 9.256 billion kWh (2000)
    Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 99.94%
                                        hydro: 0.06%
                                        other: 0% (2000)
                                        nuclear: 0%
             Electricity - consumption: 7.708 billion kWh (2000)
                 Electricity - exports: 900 million kWh (2000)
                 Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (2000)
                Agriculture - products: cotton, grain; livestock
                               Exports: $2.7 billion (f.o.b., 2001 est.)
                 Exports - commodities: gas 33%, oil 30%, cotton fiber 18%,
                                        textiles 8% (1999)
                    Exports - partners: Ukraine 27%, Iran 14%, Turkey 11%,
                                        Italy 9%, Switzerland 5% (1999)
                               Imports: $2.3 billion (c.i.f., 2001 est.)
                 Imports - commodities: machinery and equipment 60%,
                                        foodstuffs 15% (1999)
                    Imports - partners: Turkey 17%, Ukraine 12%, Russia 11%,
                                        UAE 8%, France 6% (1999)
                       Debt - external: $2.3 billion to $5 billion (2001
                                        est.)
              Economic aid - recipient: $16 million from the US (2001)
                              Currency: Turkmen manat (TMM)
                         Currency code: TMM
                        Exchange rates: Turkmen manats per US dollar - 5,200
                                        (January 2002-January 2000), 5,350
                                        (January 1999), 4,070 (January 1997)
                           Fiscal year: calendar year
  
   Communications Turkmenistan
   ---------------------------
        Telephones - main lines in use: 363,000 (1997)
          Telephones - mobile cellular: 4,300 (1998)
                      Telephone system: general assessment: poorly developed
  
                                        domestic: NA
                                        international: linked by cable and
                                        microwave radio relay to other CIS
                                        republics and to other countries by
                                        leased connections to the Moscow
                                        international gateway switch; a new
                                        telephone link from Ashgabat to Iran
                                        has been established; a new exchange
                                        in Ashgabat switches international
                                        traffic through Turkey via Intelsat;
                                        satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita
                                        and 1 Intelsat
              Radio broadcast stations: AM 16, FM 8, shortwave 2 (1998)
                                Radios: 1.225 million (1997)
         Television broadcast stations: 3 (much programming relayed from
                                        Russia and Turkey) (1997)
                           Televisions: 820,000 (1997)
                 Internet country code: .tm
     Internet Service Providers (ISPs): NA
                        Internet users: 2,000 (2000)
  
   Transportation Turkmenistan
   ---------------------------
                              Railways: total: 2,440 km
                                        broad gauge: 2,440 km 1.520-m gauge
                                        (2001)
                              Highways: total: 22,000 km
                                        paved: 18,000 km (includes some all-
                                        weather gravel-surfaced roads)
                                        unpaved: 4,000 km (these roads are
                                        made of unstabilized earth and are
                                        difficult to negotiate in wet
                                        weather) (1996)
                             Waterways: the Amu Darya is an important inland
                                        waterway for Turkmenistan
                             Pipelines: crude oil 250 km; natural gas 4,400
                                        km
                     Ports and harbors: Turkmenbasy
                       Merchant marine: total: 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over)
                                        totaling 4,600 GRT/5,000 DWT
                                        ships by type: petroleum tanker 1
                                        (2002 est.)
                              Airports: 76 (2001)
         Airports - with paved runways: total: 13
                                        2,438 to 3,047 m: 9
                                        1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 (2001)
       Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 63
                                        2,438 to 3,047 m: 7
                                        1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
                                        914 to 1,523 m: 10
                                        under 914 m: 41 (2001)
  
   Military Turkmenistan
   ---------------------
                     Military branches: Ministry of Defense (Army, Air and
                                        Air Defense, Navy, Border Troops,
                                        and Internal Troops), National Guard
      Military manpower - military age: 18 years of age (2002 est.)
      Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 1,206,920 (2002
                                        est.)
   Military manpower - fit for military males age 15-49: 979,282 (2002 est.)
                               service:
           Military manpower - reaching males: 48,292 (2002 est.)
                 military age annually:
         Military expenditures - dollar $90 million (FY99)
                                figure:
     Military expenditures - percent of 3.4% (FY99)
                                   GDP:
  
   Transnational Issues Turkmenistan
   ---------------------------------
              Disputes - international: Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan,
                                        Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan wrestle
                                        with sharing limited water resources
                                        and regional environmental
                                        degradation caused by the shrinking
                                        of the Aral Sea; multilaterally-
                                        accepted Caspian Sea seabed and
                                        maritime boundaries have not yet
                                        been established in the Caspian -
                                        Iran insists on division of Caspian
                                        Sea into five equal sectors while
                                        Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Russia, and
                                        Turkmenistan have generally agreed
                                        upon equidistant seabed boundaries;
                                        Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan await
                                        ICJ decision to resolve sovereignty
                                        dispute over oil fields in the
                                        Caspian Sea
                         Illicit drugs: limited illicit cultivator of opium
                                        poppy, mostly for domestic
                                        consumption; limited government
                                        eradication program; increasingly
                                        used as transshipment point for
                                        illicit drugs from Southwest Asia to
                                        Russia and Western Europe; also a
                                        transshipment point for acetic
                                        anhydride destined for Afghanistan
  
                                       



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