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World Gazetteer Results for Koumra:
NameKoumra
Geographical TypeLocality
Population36263
Latitude
Longitude
CountryChad
Administrative DivisionMoyen-Chari
Dictionary Results for Chad:
1. WordNet® 3.0 (2006)
chad
    n 1: a small piece of paper that is supposed to be removed when
         a hole is punched in a card or paper tape
    2: a lake in north central Africa; fed by the Shari river [syn:
       Lake Chad, Chad]
    3: a landlocked desert republic in north-central Africa; was
       under French control until 1960 [syn: Chad, Republic of
       Chad, Tchad]
    4: a family of Afroasiatic tonal languages (mostly two tones)
       spoken in the regions west and south of Lake Chad in north
       central Africa [syn: Chad, Chadic, Chadic language]

2. The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48
Shad \Shad\ (sh[a^]d), n. sing. & pl. [AS. sceadda a kind of
   fish, akin to Prov. G. schade; cf. Ir. & Gael. sgadan a
   herring, W. ysgadan herrings; all perhaps akin to E. skate a
   fish.] (Zool.)
   Any one of several species of food fishes of the Herring
   family. The American species (Alosa sapidissima formerly
   Clupea sapidissima), which is abundant on the Atlantic
   coast and ascends the larger rivers in spring to spawn, is an
   important market fish. The European allice shad, or alose
   (Alosa alosa formerly Clupea alosa), and the twaite shad
   (Alosa finta formerly Clupea finta), are less important
   species. [Written also chad.]
   [1913 Webster]

   Note: The name is loosely applied, also, to several other
         fishes, as the gizzard shad (see under Gizzard),
         called also mud shad, white-eyed shad, and winter
         shad.
         [1913 Webster]

   Hardboaded shad, or Yellow-tailed shad, the menhaden.

   Hickory shad, or Tailor shad, the mattowacca.

   Long-boned shad, one of several species of important food
      fishes of the Bermudas and the West Indies, of the genus
      Gerres.

   Shad bush (Bot.), a name given to the North American shrubs
      or small trees of the rosaceous genus Amelanchier
      (Amelanchier Canadensis, and Amelanchier alnifolia).
      Their white racemose blossoms open in April or May, when
      the shad appear, and the edible berries (pomes) ripen in
      June or July, whence they are called Juneberries. The
      plant is also called service tree, and Juneberry.

   Shad frog, an American spotted frog (Rana halecina); --
      so called because it usually appears at the time when the
      shad begin to run in the rivers.

   Trout shad, the squeteague.

   White shad, the common shad.
      [1913 Webster]

3. The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48
Chad \Chad\, n.
   See Shad. [Obs.]
   [1913 Webster]

4. The Jargon File (version 4.4.7, 29 Dec 2003)
chad
 /chad/, n.

    1. [common] The perforated edge strips on printer paper, after they have
    been separated from the printed portion. Also called selvage, perf, and
    ripoff.

    2. The confetti-like paper bits punched out of cards or paper tape; this
    has also been called chaff, computer confetti, and keypunch droppings. It's
    reported that this was very old Army slang (associated with teletypewriters
    before the computer era), and has been occasionally sighted in directions
    for punched-card vote tabulators long after it passed out of live use among
    computer programmers in the late 1970s. This sense of ?chad? returned to
    the mainstream during the finale of the hotly disputed U.S. presidential
    election in 2000 via stories about the Florida vote recounts. Note however
    that in the revived mainstream usage chad is not a mass noun and ?a chad?
    is a single piece of the stuff.

    There is an urban legend that chad (sense 2) derives from the Chadless
    keypunch (named for its inventor), which cut little u-shaped tabs in the
    card to make a hole when the tab folded back, rather than punching out a
    circle/rectangle; it was clear that if the Chadless keypunch didn't make
    them, then the stuff that other keypunches made had to be ?chad?. However,
    serious attempts to track down ?Chadless? as a personal name or U.S.
    trademark have failed, casting doubt on this etymology ? and the U.S.
    Patent Classification System uses ?chadless? (small c) as an adjective,
    suggesting that ?chadless? derives from ?chad? and not the other way
    around. There is another legend that the word was originally acronymic,
    standing for ?Card Hole Aggregate Debris?, but this has all the earmarks of
    a backronym. It has also been noted that the word ?chad? is Scots dialect
    for gravel, but nobody has proposed any plausible reason that card chaff
    should be thought of as gravel. None of these etymologies is really
    plausible.

    [74-12-31]

    This is one way to be chadless.


5. The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (30 December 2018)
chad
perf
selvage
snaf

    /chad/ (Or "selvage" /sel'v*j/ (sewing and
   weaving), "perf", "perfory", "snaf").  1. The perforated
   edge strips on paper for sprocket feed printers, after they
   have been separated from the printed portion.

   The term perf may also refer to the perforations themselves,
   rather than the chad they produce when torn.

   [Why "snaf"?]

   2. (Or "chaff", "computer confetti", "keypunch droppings") The
   confetti-like bits punched out of punched cards or paper
   tape which collected in the chad box.

   One of the Jargon File's correspondents believed that "chad"
   derived from the chadless keypunch.

   [Jargon File]

   (1997-07-18)


6. CIA World Factbook 2002
Chad

   Introduction Chad
   -----------------
                            Background: Chad, part of France's African
                                        holdings until 1960, endured three
                                        decades of ethnic warfare as well as
                                        invasions by Libya before a
                                        semblance of peace was finally
                                        restored in 1990. The government
                                        eventually suppressed or came to
                                        terms with most political-military
                                        groups, settled a territorial
                                        dispute with Libya on terms
                                        favorable to Chad, drafted a
                                        democratic constitution, and held
                                        multiparty presidential and National
                                        Assembly elections in 1996 and 1997
                                        respectively. In 1998 a new
                                        rebellion broke out in northern
                                        Chad, which continued to escalate
                                        throughout 2000. A peace agreement,
                                        signed in January 2002 between the
                                        government and the rebels, provides
                                        for the demobilization of the rebels
                                        and their reintegration into the
                                        political system. Despite movement
                                        toward democratic reform, power
                                        remains in the hands of a northern
                                        ethnic oligarchy.
  
   Geography Chad
   --------------
                              Location: Central Africa, south of Libya
                Geographic coordinates: 15 00 N, 19 00 E
                        Map references: Africa
                                  Area: total: 1.284 million sq km
                                        water: 24,800 sq km
                                        land: 1,259,200 sq km
                    Area - comparative: slightly more than three times the
                                        size of California
                       Land boundaries: total: 5,968 km
                                        border countries: Cameroon 1,094 km,
                                        Central African Republic 1,197 km,
                                        Libya 1,055 km, Niger 1,175 km,
                                        Nigeria 87 km, Sudan 1,360 km
                             Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
                       Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
                               Climate: tropical in south, desert in north
                               Terrain: broad, arid plains in center, desert
                                        in north, mountains in northwest,
                                        lowlands in south
                    Elevation extremes: lowest point: Djourab Depression 160
                                        m
                                        highest point: Emi Koussi 3,415 m
                     Natural resources: petroleum (unexploited but
                                        exploration under way), uranium,
                                        natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad)
                              Land use: arable land: 2.78%
                                        permanent crops: 0.02%
                                        other: 97.2% (1998 est.)
                        Irrigated land: 200 sq km (1998 est.)
                       Natural hazards: hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds
                                        occur in north; periodic droughts;
                                        locust plagues
          Environment - current issues: inadequate supplies of potable
                                        water; improper waste disposal in
                                        rural areas contributes to soil and
                                        water pollution; desertification
            Environment - international party to: Biodiversity, Climate
                            agreements: Change, Desertification, Endangered
                                        Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone
                                        Layer Protection, Wetlands
                                        signed, but not ratified: Law of the
                                        Sea, Marine Dumping
                      Geography - note: landlocked; Lake Chad is the most
                                        significant water body in the Sahel
  
   People Chad
   -----------
                            Population: 8,997,237 (July 2002 est.)
                         Age structure: 0-14 years: 47.8% (male 2,162,732;
                                        female 2,135,354)
                                        15-64 years: 49.4% (male 2,108,134;
                                        female 2,340,189)
                                        65 years and over: 2.8% (male
                                        103,683; female 147,145) (2002 est.)
                Population growth rate: 3.27% (2002 est.)
                            Birth rate: 47.74 births/1,000 population (2002
                                        est.)
                            Death rate: 15.06 deaths/1,000 population (2002
                                        est.)
                    Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002
                                        est.)
                             Sex ratio: at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
                                        under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
                                        15-64 years: 0.9 male(s)/female
                                        65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/
                                        female
                                        total population: 0.95 male(s)/
                                        female (2002 est.)
                 Infant mortality rate: 93.46 deaths/1,000 live births (2002
                                        est.)
              Life expectancy at birth: total population: 51.27 years
                                        female: 53.4 years (2002 est.)
                                        male: 49.22 years
                  Total fertility rate: 6.5 children born/woman (2002 est.)
      HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 5%-7% (2001)
     HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/ 300,000 (2001)
                                  AIDS:
                     HIV/AIDS - deaths: 14,000 (confirmed AIDS cases, actual
                                        number far higher but difficult to
                                        estimate) (2001)
                           Nationality: noun: Chadian(s)
                                        adjective: Chadian
                         Ethnic groups: 200 distinct groups; in the north
                                        and center: Arabs, Gorane (Toubou,
                                        Daza, Kreda), Zaghawa, Kanembou,
                                        Ouaddai, Baguirmi, Hadjerai, Fulbe,
                                        Kotoko, Hausa, Boulala, and Maba,
                                        most of whom are Muslim; in the
                                        south: Sara (Ngambaye, Mbaye,
                                        Goulaye), Moundang, Moussei, Massa,
                                        most of whom are Christian or
                                        animist; about 1,000 French citizens
                                        live in Chad
                             Religions: Muslim 51%, Christian 35%, animist
                                        7%, other 7%
                             Languages: French (official), Arabic
                                        (official), Sara (in south), more
                                        than 120 different languages and
                                        dialects
                              Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read
                                        and write French or Arabic
                                        total population: 40%
                                        male: 49%
                                        female: 31% (1998)
  
   Government Chad
   ---------------
                          Country name: conventional long form: Republic of
                                        Chad
                                        conventional short form: Chad
                                        local long form: Republique du Tchad
  
                                        local short form: Tchad
                       Government type: republic
                               Capital: N'Djamena
              Administrative divisions: 14 prefectures (prefectures,
                                        singular - prefecture); Batha,
                                        Biltine, Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti,
                                        Chari-Baguirmi, Guera, Kanem, Lac,
                                        Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental,
                                        Mayo-Kebbi, Moyen-Chari, Ouaddai,
                                        Salamat, Tandjile
                                        note: instead of 14 prefectures,
                                        there may be a new administrative
                                        structure of 28 departments
                                        (departments, singular -
                                        department), and 1 city*; Assongha,
                                        Baguirmi, Bahr El Gazal, Bahr Koh,
                                        Batha Oriental, Batha Occidental,
                                        Biltine, Borkou, Dababa, Ennedi,
                                        Guera, Hadjer Lamis, Kabia, Kanem,
                                        Lac, Lac Iro, Logone Occidental,
                                        Logone Oriental, Mandoul, Mayo-
                                        Boneye, Mayo-Dallah, Monts de Lam,
                                        N'djamena*, Ouaddai, Salamat, Sila,
                                        Tandjile Oriental, Tandjile
                                        Occidental, Tibesti
                          Independence: 11 August 1960 (from France)
                      National holiday: Independence Day, 11 August (1960)
                          Constitution: passed by referendum 31 March 1996
                          Legal system: based on French civil law system and
                                        Chadian customary law; has not
                                        accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
                              Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
                      Executive branch: chief of state: President Lt. Gen.
                                        Idriss DEBY (since 4 December 1990)
                                        head of government: Prime Minister
                                        Nagoum YAMASSOUM (since 13 December
                                        1999)
                                        cabinet: Council of State, members
                                        appointed by the president on the
                                        recommendation of the prime minister
  
                                        election results: Lt. Gen. Idriss
                                        DEBY reelected president; percent of
                                        vote - Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY 63%,
                                        Ngarlegy YORONGAR 16%, Saleh KEBZABO
                                        7%
                                        note: government coalition - MPS,
                                        UNDR, and URD
                                        elections: president elected by
                                        popular vote to serve five-year
                                        term; if no candidate receives at
                                        least 50% of the total vote, the two
                                        candidates receiving the most votes
                                        must stand for a second round of
                                        voting; last held 20 May 2001 (next
                                        to be held NA 2006); prime minister
                                        appointed by the president
                    Legislative branch: bicameral according to constitution,
                                        consists of a National Assembly (155
                                        seats; members elected by popular
                                        vote to serve four-year terms) and a
                                        Senate (not yet created and size
                                        unspecified, members to serve six-
                                        year terms, one-third of membership
                                        renewable every two years)
                                        election results: percent of vote by
                                        party - NA%; seats by party - MPS
                                        110, RDP 12, FAR 9, RNDP 5, URD 5,
                                        UNDR 3, others 11
                                        elections: National Assembly - last
                                        held 25 April 2002 (next to be held
                                        in NA April 2006)
                       Judicial branch: Supreme Court; Court of Appeal;
                                        Criminal Courts; Magistrate Courts
         Political parties and leaders: Federation Action for the Republic
                                        or FAR [Ngarlejy YORONGAR]; National
                                        Rally for Development and Progress
                                        or RNDP [Mamadou BISSO]; National
                                        Union for Development and Renewal or
                                        UNDR [Saleh KEBZABO]; National Union
                                        for Renewal and Democracy or UNRD
                                        [leader NA]; Party for Liberty and
                                        Democracy or PLD [Ibni Oumar Mahamat
                                        SALEH]; Patriotic Salvation Movement
                                        or MPS [Mahamat Saleh AHMAT,
                                        chairman] (originally in opposition
                                        but now the party in power and the
                                        party of the president); Rally for
                                        Democracy and Progress or RDP [Lal
                                        Mahamat CHOUA]; Union for Democracy
                                        and the Republic or UDR [Jean
                                        Bawoyeu ALINGUE]; Union for Renewal
                                        and Democracy or URD [Gen. Wadal
                                        Abdelkader KAMOUGUE]; Viva Rally for
                                        Development and Progress or Viva
                                        RNDP [Delwa Kassire COUMAKOYE]
          Political pressure groups and NA
                               leaders:
             International organization ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CEEAC,
                         participation: CEMAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD,
                                        ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD,
                                        IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC,
                                        ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPCW
                                        (signatory), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
                                        UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
                                        WToO, WTrO
   Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador
                                        Hassaballah Abdelhadi Ahmat SOUBIANE
  
                                        chancery: 2002 R Street NW,
                                        Washington, DC 20009
                                        FAX: [1] (202) 265-1937
                                        telephone: [1] (202) 462-4009
     Diplomatic representation from the chief of mission: Ambassador
                                    US: Christopher E. GOLDTHWAIT
                                        embassy: Avenue Felix Eboue,
                                        N'Djamena
                                        mailing address: B. P. 413,
                                        N'Djamena
                                        telephone: [235] (51) 70-09
                                        FAX: [235] (51) 56-54
                      Flag description: three equal vertical bands of blue
                                        (hoist side), yellow, and red;
                                        similar to the flag of Romania; also
                                        similar to the flags of Andorra and
                                        Moldova, both of which have a
                                        national coat of arms centered in
                                        the yellow band; design was based on
                                        the flag of France
  
   Economy Chad
   ------------
                    Economy - overview: Chad's primarily agricultural
                                        economy will be boosted by major
                                        oilfield and pipeline projects that
                                        began in 2000. Over 80% of Chad's
                                        population relies on subsistence
                                        farming and stock raising for their
                                        livelihood. Cotton, cattle, and gum
                                        arabic provide the bulk of Chad's
                                        export earnings, but Chad will begin
                                        to export oil in 2004. Chad's
                                        economy has long been handicapped by
                                        its land-locked position, high
                                        energy costs, and a history of
                                        instability. Chad relies on foreign
                                        assistance and foreign capital for
                                        most public and private sector
                                        investment projects. A consortium
                                        led by two US companies is investing
                                        $3.7 billion to develop oil reserves
                                        estimated at 1 billion barrels in
                                        southern Chad.
                                   GDP: purchasing power parity - $8.9
                                        billion (2001 est.)
                GDP - real growth rate: 8% (2001 est.)
                      GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $1,030
                                        (2001 est.)
           GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 38%
                                        industry: 13%
                                        services: 49% (2001 est.)
         Population below poverty line: 80% (2001 est.)
     Household income or consumption by lowest 10%: NA%
                      percentage share: highest 10%: NA%
      Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3% (2000 est.)
                           Labor force: NA
           Labor force - by occupation: agriculture more than 80%
                                        (subsistence farming, herding, and
                                        fishing)
                     Unemployment rate: NA%
                                Budget: revenues: $198 million
                                        expenditures: $218 million,
                                        including capital expenditures of
                                        $146 million (1998 est.)
                            Industries: cotton textiles, meatpacking, beer
                                        brewing, natron (sodium carbonate),
                                        soap, cigarettes, construction
                                        materials
     Industrial production growth rate: 5% (1995)
              Electricity - production: 92 million kWh (2000)
    Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100%
                                        hydro: 0%
                                        other: 0% (2000)
                                        nuclear: 0%
             Electricity - consumption: 85.56 million kWh (2000)
                 Electricity - exports: 0 kWh (2000)
                 Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (2000)
                Agriculture - products: cotton, sorghum, millet, peanuts,
                                        rice, potatoes, manioc (tapioca);
                                        cattle, sheep, goats, camels
                               Exports: $172 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
                 Exports - commodities: cotton, cattle, gum arabic
                    Exports - partners: Portugal 38%, Germany 12%, Thailand,
                                        Costa Rica, South Africa, France,
                                        Nigeria (2001)
                               Imports: $223 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
                 Imports - commodities: machinery and transportation
                                        equipment, industrial goods,
                                        petroleum products, foodstuffs,
                                        textiles
                    Imports - partners: France 40%, Cameroon 13%, Nigeria
                                        12%, India 5% (1999)
                       Debt - external: $1.1 billion (2000 est.)
              Economic aid - recipient: $238.3 million (1995); note - $125
                                        million committed by Taiwan (August
                                        1997); $30 million committed by
                                        African Development Bank
                              Currency: Communaute Financiere Africaine
                                        franc (XAF); note - responsible
                                        authority is the Bank of the Central
                                        African States
                         Currency code: XAF
                        Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine
                                        francs (XAF) per US dollar - 742.79
                                        (January 2002), 733.04 (2001),
                                        711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95
                                        (1998), 583.67 (1997); note - from 1
                                        January 1999, the XAF is pegged to
                                        the euro at a rate of 655.957 XAF
                                        per euro
                           Fiscal year: calendar year
  
   Communications Chad
   -------------------
        Telephones - main lines in use: 10,260 (2000)
          Telephones - mobile cellular: 20,000 (2002)
                      Telephone system: general assessment: primitive system
  
                                        domestic: fair system of
                                        radiotelephone communication
                                        stations
                                        international: satellite earth
                                        station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic
                                        Ocean)
              Radio broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 3, shortwave 5 (1998)
                                Radios: 1.67 million (1997)
         Television broadcast stations: 1 (1997)
                           Televisions: 10,000 (1997)
                 Internet country code: .td
     Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 1 (2000)
                        Internet users: 1,000 (2000)
  
   Transportation Chad
   -------------------
                              Railways: 0 km
                              Highways: total: 33,400 km
                                        paved: 450 km
                                        note: probably no more than 8,000 km
                                        of the total receive maintenance,
                                        the remainder being desert tracks
                                        (2000)
                                        unpaved: 32,950 km
                             Waterways: 2,000 km
                     Ports and harbors: none
                              Airports: 49 (2001)
         Airports - with paved runways: total: 7
                                        over 3,047 m: 2
                                        2,438 to 3,047 m: 3
                                        1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
                                        under 914 m: 1 (2001)
       Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 42
                                        1,524 to 2,437 m: 12
                                        914 to 1,523 m: 20
                                        under 914 m: 10 (2001)
  
   Military Chad
   -------------
                     Military branches: Armed Forces (including National
                                        Army, Air Force, and Gendarmerie),
                                        Rapid Intervention Force, National
                                        and Nomadic Guard (GNNT),
                                        Presidential Security Guard, Police
      Military manpower - military age: 20 years of age (2002 est.)
      Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 1,881,769 (2002
                                        est.)
   Military manpower - fit for military males age 15-49: 985,094 (2002 est.)
                               service:
           Military manpower - reaching males: 82,003 (2002 est.)
                 military age annually:
         Military expenditures - dollar $31 million (FY01)
                                figure:
     Military expenditures - percent of 1.9% (FY01)
                                   GDP:
  
   Transnational Issues Chad
   -------------------------
              Disputes - international: Lake Chad Commission urges
                                        signatories Cameroon, Chad, Niger,
                                        and Nigeria to ratify delimitation
                                        treaty over lake region, the site of
                                        continuing armed clashes; Nigeria
                                        requests and Chad rejects
                                        redemarcation of boundary, which
                                        lacks clear demarcation in sections
                                        and has caused several cross-border
                                        incidents; Chadian rebels from Aozou
                                        reside in Libya
  
                                       



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