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World Gazetteer Results for Kimyogarlar:
NameKimyogarlar
Alternate NamesSuperfosfatniy
Geographical TypeLocality
Population14812
Latitude
Longitude
CountryUzbekistan
Administrative DivisionSamarkand
3rd Administrative DivisionSarangani
Dictionary Results for Uzbekistan:
1. WordNet® 3.0 (2006)
Uzbekistan
    n 1: a landlocked republic in west central Asia; formerly an
         Asian soviet [syn: Uzbekistan, Republic of Uzbekistan,
         Uzbek]

2. CIA World Factbook 2002
Uzbekistan

   Introduction Uzbekistan
   -----------------------
                            Background: Russia conquered Uzbekistan in the
                                        late 19th century. Stiff resistance
                                        to the Red Army after World War I
                                        was eventually suppressed and a
                                        socialist republic set up in 1924.
                                        During the Soviet era, intensive
                                        production of "white gold" (cotton)
                                        and grain led to overuse of
                                        agrochemicals and the depletion of
                                        water supplies, which have left the
                                        land poisoned and the Aral Sea and
                                        certain rivers half dry. Independent
                                        since 1991, the country seeks to
                                        gradually lessen its dependence on
                                        agriculture while developing its
                                        mineral and petroleum reserves.
                                        Current concerns include insurgency
                                        by Islamic militants based in
                                        Tajikistan and Afghanistan, a
                                        nonconvertible currency, and the
                                        curtailment of human rights and
                                        democratization.
  
   Geography Uzbekistan
   --------------------
                              Location: Central Asia, north of Afghanistan
                Geographic coordinates: 41 00 N, 64 00 E
                        Map references: Asia
                                  Area: total: 447,400 sq km
                                        water: 22,000 sq km
                                        land: 425,400 sq km
                    Area - comparative: slightly larger than California
                       Land boundaries: total: 6,221 km
                                        border countries: Afghanistan 137
                                        km, Kazakhstan 2,203 km, Kyrgyzstan
                                        1,099 km, Tajikistan 1,161 km,
                                        Turkmenistan 1,621 km
                             Coastline: 0 km (doubly landlocked); note -
                                        Uzbekistan includes the southern
                                        portion of the Aral Sea with a 420
                                        km shoreline
                       Maritime claims: none (doubly landlocked)
                               Climate: mostly midlatitude desert, long, hot
                                        summers, mild winters; semiarid
                                        grassland in east
                               Terrain: mostly flat-to-rolling sandy desert
                                        with dunes; broad, flat intensely
                                        irrigated river valleys along course
                                        of Amu Darya, Syr Darya (Sirdaryo),
                                        and Zarafshon; Fergana Valley in
                                        east surrounded by mountainous
                                        Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan; shrinking
                                        Aral Sea in west
                    Elevation extremes: lowest point: Sariqarnish Kuli -12 m
  
                                        highest point: Adelunga Toghi 4,301
                                        m
                     Natural resources: natural gas, petroleum, coal, gold,
                                        uranium, silver, copper, lead and
                                        zinc, tungsten, molybdenum
                              Land use: arable land: 10.8%
                                        permanent crops: 0.91%
                                        other: 88.29% (1998 est.)
                        Irrigated land: 42,810 sq km (1998 est.)
                       Natural hazards: NA
          Environment - current issues: shrinkage of the Aral Sea is
                                        resulting in growing concentrations
                                        of chemical pesticides and natural
                                        salts; these substances are then
                                        blown from the increasingly exposed
                                        lake bed and contribute to
                                        desertification; water pollution
                                        from industrial wastes and the heavy
                                        use of fertilizers and pesticides is
                                        the cause of many human health
                                        disorders; increasing soil
                                        salination; soil contamination from
                                        buried nuclear processing and
                                        agricultural chemicals, including
                                        DDT
            Environment - international party to: Biodiversity, Climate
                            agreements: Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
                                        Protocol, Desertification,
                                        Endangered Species, Environmental
                                        Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
                                        Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
                                        signed, but not ratified: none of
                                        the selected agreements
                      Geography - note: along with Liechtenstein, one of the
                                        only two doubly landlocked countries
                                        in the world
  
   People Uzbekistan
   -----------------
                            Population: 25,563,441 (July 2002 est.)
                         Age structure: 0-14 years: 35.5% (male 4,617,110;
                                        female 4,457,065)
                                        15-64 years: 59.8% (male 7,567,510;
                                        female 7,726,753)
                                        65 years and over: 4.7% (male
                                        482,137; female 712,866) (2002 est.)
                Population growth rate: 1.62% (2002 est.)
                            Birth rate: 26.09 births/1,000 population (2002
                                        est.)
                            Death rate: 7.98 deaths/1,000 population (2002
                                        est.)
                    Net migration rate: -1.94 migrant(s)/1,000 population
                                        (2002 est.)
                             Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
                                        under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
                                        15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
                                        65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/
                                        female
                                        total population: 0.98 male(s)/
                                        female (2002 est.)
                 Infant mortality rate: 71.72 deaths/1,000 live births (2002
                                        est.)
              Life expectancy at birth: total population: 63.9 years
                                        female: 67.6 years (2002 est.)
                                        male: 60.38 years
                  Total fertility rate: 3.03 children born/woman (2002 est.)
      HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: less than 0.01% (1999 est.)
     HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/ less than 100 (1999 est.)
                                  AIDS:
                     HIV/AIDS - deaths: less than 100 (1999 est.)
                           Nationality: noun: Uzbekistani(s)
                                        adjective: Uzbekistani
                         Ethnic groups: Uzbek 80%, Russian 5.5%, Tajik 5%,
                                        Kazakh 3%, Karakalpak 2.5%, Tatar
                                        1.5%, other 2.5% (1996 est.)
                             Religions: Muslim 88% (mostly Sunnis), Eastern
                                        Orthodox 9%, other 3%
                             Languages: Uzbek 74.3%, Russian 14.2%, Tajik
                                        4.4%, other 7.1%
                              Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read
                                        and write
                                        total population: 99%
                                        male: 99%
                                        female: 99% (yearend 1996)
  
   Government Uzbekistan
   ---------------------
                          Country name: conventional long form: Republic of
                                        Uzbekistan
                                        conventional short form: Uzbekistan
                                        local short form: none
                                        former: Uzbek Soviet Socialist
                                        Republic
                                        local long form: Uzbekiston
                                        Respublikasi
                       Government type: republic; authoritarian presidential
                                        rule, with little power outside the
                                        executive branch
                               Capital: Tashkent (Toshkent)
              Administrative divisions: 12 provinces (viloyatlar, singular -
                                        viloyat), 1 autonomous republic*
                                        (respublika), and 1 city** (shahar);
                                        Andijon Viloyati, Buxoro Viloyati,
                                        Farg'ona Viloyati, Jizzax Viloyati,
                                        Namangan Viloyati, Navoiy Viloyati,
                                        Qashqadaryo Viloyati (Qarshi),
                                        Qaraqalpog'iston Respublikasi*
                                        (Nukus), Samarqand Viloyati,
                                        Sirdaryo Viloyati (Guliston),
                                        Surxondaryo Viloyati (Termiz),
                                        Toshkent Shahri**, Toshkent
                                        Viloyati, Xorazm Viloyati (Urganch)
                                        note: administrative divisions have
                                        the same names as their
                                        administrative centers (exceptions
                                        have the administrative center name
                                        following in parentheses)
                          Independence: 1 September 1991 (from Soviet Union)
                      National holiday: Independence Day, 1 September (1991)
                          Constitution: new constitution adopted 8 December
                                        1992
                          Legal system: evolution of Soviet civil law; still
                                        lacks independent judicial system
                              Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
                      Executive branch: chief of state: President Islom
                                        KARIMOV (since 24 March 1990, when
                                        he was elected president by the then
                                        Supreme Soviet)
                                        head of government: Prime Minister
                                        Otkir SULTONOV (since 21 December
                                        1995)
                                        cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers
                                        appointed by the president with
                                        approval of the Supreme Assembly
                                        election results: Islom KARIMOV
                                        reelected president; percent of vote
                                        - Islom KARIMOV 91.9%, Abdulkhafiz
                                        JALALOV 4.2%
                                        elections: president elected by
                                        popular vote for a seven-year term;
                                        election last held 9 January 2000
                                        (next to be held NA 2007);
                                        (previously was a five-year term,
                                        extended by national referendum on
                                        27 January 2002) prime minister and
                                        deputy ministers appointed by the
                                        president
                    Legislative branch: unicameral Supreme Assembly or Oliy
                                        Majlis (250 seats; members elected
                                        by popular vote to serve five-year
                                        terms); note - on 27 January 2002, a
                                        referendum was held that will make
                                        the Assembly bicameral on the 2004
                                        elections
                                        election results: percent of vote by
                                        party - NA%; seats by party - NDP
                                        48, Self-Sacrificers Party 34,
                                        Fatherland Progress Party 20, Adolat
                                        Social Democratic Party 11, MTP 10,
                                        citizens' groups 16, local
                                        government 110, vacant 1
                                        note: not all seats in the last
                                        Supreme Assembly election were
                                        contested; all parties in the
                                        Supreme Assembly support President
                                        KARIMOV
                                        elections: last held 5 December and
                                        19 December 1999 (next to be held NA
                                        December 2004)
                       Judicial branch: Supreme Court (judges are nominated
                                        by the president and confirmed by
                                        the Supreme Assembly)
         Political parties and leaders: Adolat (Justice) Social Democratic
                                        Party [Anwar JURABAYEV, first
                                        secretary]; Democratic National
                                        Rebirth Party (Milly Tiklanish) or
                                        MTP [Aziz KAYUMOV, chairman];
                                        People's Democratic Party or NDP
                                        (formerly Communist Party)
                                        [Abdulkhafiz JALOLOV, first
                                        secretary]; Self-Sacrificers Party
                                        or Fidokorlar National Democratic
                                        Party [Ahtam TURSUNOV, first
                                        secretary]; note - Fatherland
                                        Progress Party merged with Self-
                                        Sacrificers Party
          Political pressure groups and Birlik (Unity) Movement [Abdurakhim
                               leaders: POLAT, chairman]; Erk (Freedom)
                                        Democratic Party [Muhammad SOLIH,
                                        chairman] was banned 9 December
                                        1992; Human Rights Society of
                                        Uzbekistan [Abdumannob POLAT,
                                        chairman]; Independent Human Rights
                                        Society of Uzbekistan [Mikhail
                                        ARDZINOV, chairman]
             International organization AsDB, CCC, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECE,
                         participation: ECO, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
                                        ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF,
                                        Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OIC,
                                        OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
                                        UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
                                        WToO, WTrO (observer)
   Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Shavkat
                                        HAMRAKULOV
                                        FAX: [1] (202) 293-6804
                                        consulate(s) general: New York
                                        telephone: [1] (202) 887-5300
                                        chancery: 1746 Massachusetts Avenue
                                        NW, Washington, DC 20036
     Diplomatic representation from the chief of mission: Ambassador John
                                    US: Edward HERBST
                                        embassy: 82 Chilanzarskaya, Tashkent
                                        700115
                                        mailing address: use embassy street
                                        address; US Embassy Tashkent,
                                        Department of State, Washington, DC
                                        20521-7110
                                        telephone: [998] (71) 120-5444
                                        FAX: [998] (71) 120-6335
                      Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of blue
                                        (top), white, and green separated by
                                        red fimbriations with a white
                                        crescent moon and 12 white stars in
                                        the upper hoist-side quadrant
  
   Economy Uzbekistan
   ------------------
                    Economy - overview: Uzbekistan is a dry, landlocked
                                        country of which 11% consists of
                                        intensely cultivated, irrigated
                                        river valleys. More than 60% of its
                                        population lives in densely
                                        populated rural communities.
                                        Uzbekistan is now the world's second
                                        largest cotton exporter, a large
                                        producer of gold and oil, and a
                                        regionally significant producer of
                                        chemicals and machinery. Following
                                        independence in December 1991, the
                                        government sought to prop up its
                                        Soviet-style command economy with
                                        subsidies and tight controls on
                                        production and prices. The state
                                        continues to be a dominating
                                        influence in the economy and has so
                                        far failed to bring about much-
                                        needed structural changes. The IMF
                                        suspended Uzbekistan's $185 million
                                        standby arrangement in late 1996
                                        because of governmental steps that
                                        made impossible fulfillment of Fund
                                        conditions. Uzbekistan has responded
                                        to the negative external conditions
                                        generated by the Asian and Russian
                                        financial crises by emphasizing
                                        import substitute industrialization
                                        and by tightening export and
                                        currency controls within its already
                                        largely closed economy. Economic
                                        policies that have repelled foreign
                                        investment are a major factor in the
                                        economy's stagnation. A growing debt
                                        burden, persistent inflation, and a
                                        poor business climate led to
                                        disappointing growth in 2001.
                                        However, in December 2001 the
                                        government voiced a renewed interest
                                        in economic reform, seeking advice
                                        from the IMF and other financial
                                        institutions.
                                   GDP: purchasing power parity - $62
                                        billion (2001 est.)
                GDP - real growth rate: 3% (2001 est.)
                      GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $2,500
                                        (2001 est.)
           GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 33%
                                        industry: 24%
                                        services: 43% (2000 est.)
         Population below poverty line: NA%
     Household income or consumption by lowest 10%: 3.1%
                      percentage share: highest 10%: 25.2% (1993)
   Distribution of family income - Gini 33.3 (1993)
                                 index:
      Inflation rate (consumer prices): 23% (2001 est.)
                           Labor force: 11.9 million (1998 est.)
           Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 44%, industry 20%,
                                        services 36% (1995)
                     Unemployment rate: 10% plus another 20% underemployed
                                        (1999 est.)
                                Budget: revenues: $4 billion
                                        expenditures: $4.1 billion,
                                        including capital expenditures of
                                        $NA (1999 est.)
                            Industries: textiles, food processing, machine
                                        building, metallurgy, natural gas,
                                        chemicals
     Industrial production growth rate: 3.5% (2000 est.)
              Electricity - production: 44.075 billion kWh (2000)
    Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 86.95%
                                        hydro: 13.05%
                                        other: 0% (2000)
                                        nuclear: 0%
             Electricity - consumption: 41.89 billion kWh (2000)
                 Electricity - exports: 4.1 billion kWh (2000)
                 Electricity - imports: 5 billion kWh (2000)
                Agriculture - products: cotton, vegetables, fruits, grain;
                                        livestock
                               Exports: $2.8 billion (f.o.b., 2001 est.)
                 Exports - commodities: cotton 41.5%, gold 9.6%, energy
                                        products 9.6%, mineral fertilizers,
                                        ferrous metals, textiles, food
                                        products, automobiles (1998 est.)
                    Exports - partners: Russia 16.7%, Switzerland 8.3%, UK
                                        7.2%, Ukraine 4.7%, South Korea
                                        3.3%, Kazakhstan 3.1% (2000)
                               Imports: $2.5 billion (f.o.b., 2001 est.)
                 Imports - commodities: machinery and equipment 49.8%,
                                        foodstuffs 16.4%, chemicals, metals
                                        (1998 est.)
                    Imports - partners: Russia 15.8%, South Korea 9.8%, US
                                        8.7%, Germany 8.6%, Kazakhstan 7.3%,
                                        Ukraine 6.1% (2002)
                       Debt - external: $5.1 billion (2001 est.)
              Economic aid - recipient: approximately $150 million from the
                                        US (2001)
                              Currency: Uzbekistani sum (UZS)
                         Currency code: UZS
                        Exchange rates: Uzbekistani sums per US dollar -
                                        687.0 (January 2002), 325.0 (January
                                        2001), 141.4 (January 2000), 111.9
                                        (February 1999), 110.95 (December
                                        1998), 75.8 (September 1997)
                           Fiscal year: calendar year
  
   Communications Uzbekistan
   -------------------------
        Telephones - main lines in use: 1.98 million (1999)
          Telephones - mobile cellular: 26,000 (1998)
                      Telephone system: general assessment: antiquated and
                                        inadequate; in serious need of
                                        modernization
                                        domestic: the domestic telephone
                                        system is being expanded and
                                        technologically improved,
                                        particularly in Tashkent and
                                        Samarqand, under contracts with
                                        prominent companies in
                                        industrialized countries; moreover,
                                        by 1998, six cellular networks had
                                        been placed in operation - four of
                                        the GSM type (Global System for
                                        Mobile Communication), one D-AMPS
                                        type (Digital Advanced Mobile Phone
                                        System), and one AMPS type (Advanced
                                        Mobile Phone System)
                                        international: linked by landline or
                                        microwave radio relay with CIS
                                        member states and to other countries
                                        by leased connection via the Moscow
                                        international gateway switch; after
                                        the completion of the Uzbek link to
                                        the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-
                                        optic cable, Uzbekistan will be
                                        independent of Russian facilities
                                        for international communications;
                                        Inmarsat also provides an
                                        international connection, albeit an
                                        expensive one; satellite earth
                                        stations - NA (1998)
              Radio broadcast stations: AM 20, FM 7, shortwave 10 (1998)
                                Radios: 10.8 million (1997)
         Television broadcast stations: 4 (plus two repeaters that relay
                                        Russian, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Tajik
                                        programs) (1997)
                           Televisions: 6.4 million (1997)
                 Internet country code: .uz
     Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 42 (2000)
                        Internet users: 7,500 (2000)
  
   Transportation Uzbekistan
   -------------------------
                              Railways: total: 3,656 km
                                        broad gauge: 3,656 km 1.520-m gauge
                                        (618 km electrified) (2000)
                              Highways: total: 81,600 km
                                        paved: 71,237 km (includes some all-
                                        weather gravel-surfaced roads)
                                        unpaved: 10,363 km (these roads are
                                        made of unstabilized earth and are
                                        difficult to negotiate in wet
                                        weather) (1990)
                             Waterways: 1,100 km (1990)
                             Pipelines: crude oil 250 km; petroleum products
                                        40 km; natural gas 810 km (1992)
                     Ports and harbors: Termiz (Amu Darya)
                              Airports: 267 (2001)
         Airports - with paved runways: total: 10
                                        over 3,047 m: 3
                                        2,438 to 3,047 m: 5
                                        under 914 m: 2 (2001)
       Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 257
                                        over 3,047 m: 3
                                        2,438 to 3,047 m: 8
                                        1,524 to 2,437 m: 11
                                        914 to 1,523 m: 13
                                        under 914 m: 222 (2001)
  
   Military Uzbekistan
   -------------------
                      Military branches: Army, Air and Air Defense Forces,
                                         National Guard, Security Forces
                                         (internal security and border
                                         troops)
       Military manpower - military age: 18 years of age (2002 est.)
       Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 6,747,221 (2002
                                         est.)
    Military manpower - fit for military males age 15-49: 5,478,766 (2002
                                service: est.)
            Military manpower - reaching males: 274,602 (2002 est.)
                  military age annually:
          Military expenditures - dollar $200 million (FY97)
                                 figure:
      Military expenditures - percent of 2% (FY97)
                                    GDP:
  
   Transnational Issues Uzbekistan
   -------------------------------
              Disputes - international: Uzbekistan border largely delimited
                                        with Kazakhstan, but unresolved
                                        dispute remains over sovereignty of
                                        two border villages, Bagys and
                                        Turkestan, and around the Arnasay
                                        dam; dispute over access to Sokh and
                                        other Uzbek enclaves in Kyrgyzstan
                                        mars progress on international
                                        boundary delimitation; Kazakhstan,
                                        Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and
                                        Uzbekistan wrestle with sharing
                                        limited water resources and the
                                        regional environmental degradation
                                        caused by the shrinking Aral Sea;
                                        the undemarcated northern and
                                        western border with Uzbekistan is
                                        mined in many sections
                         Illicit drugs: limited illicit cultivation of
                                        cannabis and very small amounts of
                                        opium poppy, mostly for domestic
                                        consumption, almost entirely
                                        eradicated by an effective
                                        government eradication program;
                                        increasingly used as transshipment
                                        point for illicit drugs from
                                        Afghanistan to Russia and Western
                                        Europe and for acetic anhydride
                                        destined for Afghanistan
  
                                       



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