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World Gazetteer Results for Galbenu:
NameGalbenu
Alternate NamesGalbenul
Geographical TypeLocality
Population3572
Latitude
Longitude
CountryRomania
Administrative DivisionBrăila
Dictionary Results for Romania:
1. WordNet® 3.0 (2006)
Romania
    n 1: a republic in southeastern Europe with a short coastline on
         the Black Sea [syn: Romania, Roumania, Rumania]

2. CIA World Factbook 2002
Romania

   Introduction Romania
   --------------------
                            Background: Soviet occupation following World
                                        War II led to the formation of a
                                        Communist "peoples republic" in 1947
                                        and the abdication of the king. The
                                        decades-long rule of dictator
                                        Nicolae CEAUSESCU and his Securitate
                                        police state became increasingly
                                        oppressive and draconian through the
                                        1980s. CEAUSESCU was overthrown and
                                        executed in late 1989. Former
                                        communists dominated the government
                                        until 1996 when they were swept from
                                        power by a fractious coalition of
                                        center-right parties. Currently, the
                                        Party of Social Democracy forms a
                                        nominally minority government, which
                                        governs with the support of the
                                        opposition Democratic Union of
                                        Hungarians in Romania. Much economic
                                        restructuring remains to be carried
                                        out before Romania can achieve its
                                        hope of joining the EU.
  
   Geography Romania
   -----------------
                              Location: Southeastern Europe, bordering the
                                        Black Sea, between Bulgaria and
                                        Ukraine
                Geographic coordinates: 46 00 N, 25 00 E
                        Map references: Europe
                                  Area: total: 237,500 sq km
                                        land: 230,340 sq km
                                        water: 7,160 sq km
                    Area - comparative: slightly smaller than Oregon
                       Land boundaries: total: 2,508 km
                                        border countries: Bulgaria 608 km,
                                        Hungary 443 km, Moldova 450 km,
                                        Yugoslavia 476 km, Ukraine (north)
                                        362 km, Ukraine (east) 169 km
                             Coastline: 225 km
                       Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 NM
                                        territorial sea: 12 NM
                                        continental shelf: 200-m depth or to
                                        the depth of exploitation
                                        exclusive economic zone: 200 NM
                               Climate: temperate; cold, cloudy winters with
                                        frequent snow and fog; sunny summers
                                        with frequent showers and
                                        thunderstorms
                               Terrain: central Transylvanian Basin is
                                        separated from the Plain of Moldavia
                                        on the east by the Carpathian
                                        Mountains and separated from the
                                        Walachian Plain on the south by the
                                        Transylvanian Alps
                    Elevation extremes: lowest point: Black Sea 0 m
                                        highest point: Moldoveanu 2,544 m
                     Natural resources: petroleum (reserves declining),
                                        timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore,
                                        salt, arable land, hydropower
                              Land use: arable land: 40.57%
                                        permanent crops: 2.4%
                                        other: 57.03% (1998 est.)
                        Irrigated land: 28,800 sq km (1998 est.)
                       Natural hazards: earthquakes, most severe in south
                                        and southwest; geologic structure
                                        and climate promote landslides
          Environment - current issues: soil erosion and degradation; water
                                        pollution; air pollution in south
                                        from industrial effluents;
                                        contamination of Danube delta
                                        wetlands
            Environment - international party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic
                            agreements: Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate
                                        Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
                                        Protocol, Desertification,
                                        Endangered Species, Environmental
                                        Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law
                                        of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone
                                        Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
                                        Wetlands
                                        signed, but not ratified: Air
                                        Pollution-Persistent Organic
                                        Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental
                                        Protocol
                      Geography - note: controls most easily traversable
                                        land route between the Balkans,
                                        Moldova, and Ukraine
  
   People Romania
   --------------
                            Population: 22,317,730 (July 2002 est.)
                         Age structure: 0-14 years: 17.4% (male 1,992,505;
                                        female 1,898,122)
                                        15-64 years: 68.8% (male 7,618,801;
                                        female 7,726,300)
                                        65 years and over: 13.8% (male
                                        1,274,881; female 1,807,121) (2002
                                        est.)
                Population growth rate: -0.21% (2002 est.)
                            Birth rate: 10.81 births/1,000 population (2002
                                        est.)
                            Death rate: 12.27 deaths/1,000 population (2002
                                        est.)
                    Net migration rate: -0.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population
                                        (2002 est.)
                             Sex ratio: at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
                                        under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
                                        15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
                                        65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/
                                        female
                                        total population: 0.95 male(s)/
                                        female (2002 est.)
                 Infant mortality rate: 18.88 deaths/1,000 live births (2002
                                        est.)
              Life expectancy at birth: total population: 70.39 years
                                        female: 74.39 years (2002 est.)
                                        male: 66.62 years
                  Total fertility rate: 1.35 children born/woman (2002 est.)
      HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.02% (1999 est.)
     HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/ 7,000 (1999 est.)
                                  AIDS:
                     HIV/AIDS - deaths: 350 (1999 est.)
                           Nationality: noun: Romanian(s)
                                        adjective: Romanian
                         Ethnic groups: Romanian 89.5%, Hungarian 7.1%, Roma
                                        1.8%, German 0.5%, Ukrainian 0.3%,
                                        other 0.8% (1992)
                             Religions: Romanian Orthodox 70%, Roman
                                        Catholic 6%, Protestant 6%,
                                        unaffiliated 18%
                             Languages: Romanian, Hungarian, German
                              Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read
                                        and write
                                        total population: 97%
                                        male: 98%
                                        female: 95% (1992 est.)
  
   Government Romania
   ------------------
                          Country name: conventional long form: none
                                        conventional short form: Romania
                                        local short form: Romania
                                        local long form: none
                       Government type: republic
                               Capital: Bucharest
              Administrative divisions: 41 counties (judete, singular -
                                        judet) and 1 municipality*
                                        (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges,
                                        Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud,
                                        Botosani, Braila, Brasov,
                                        Bucuresti*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-
                                        Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna,
                                        Dimbovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj,
                                        Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara,
                                        Ialomita, Iasi, Ilfov, Maramures,
                                        Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt,
                                        Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu,
                                        Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea,
                                        Vaslui, Vilcea, Vrancea
                          Independence: 9 May 1877 (independence proclaimed
                                        from Turkey; independence recognized
                                        13 July 1878 by the Treaty of
                                        Berlin; kingdom proclaimed 26 March
                                        1881; republic proclaimed 30
                                        December 1947)
                      National holiday: Unification Day (of Romania and
                                        Transylvania), 1 December (1918)
                          Constitution: 8 December 1991
                          Legal system: former mixture of civil law system
                                        and communist legal theory; is now
                                        based on the constitution of
                                        France's Fifth Republic
                              Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
                      Executive branch: chief of state: President Ion
                                        ILIESCU (since 20 December 2000)
                                        elections: president elected by
                                        popular vote for a four-year term;
                                        election last held 26 November 2000,
                                        with runoff between the top two
                                        candidates held 10 December 2000
                                        (next to be held NA November/
                                        December 2004); prime minister
                                        appointed by the president
                                        head of government: Prime Minister
                                        Adrian NASTASE (since 29 December
                                        2000)
                                        cabinet: Council of Ministers
                                        appointed by the prime minister
                                        election results: percent of vote -
                                        Ion ILIESCU 66.84%, Corneliu Vadim
                                        TUDOR 33.16%
                    Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament or Parlament
                                        consists of the Senate or Senat (140
                                        seats; members are elected by
                                        direct, popular vote on a
                                        proportional representation basis to
                                        serve four-year terms) and the
                                        Chamber of Deputies or Adunarea
                                        Deputatilor (345 seats; members are
                                        elected by direct, popular vote on a
                                        proportional representation basis to
                                        serve four-year terms)
                                        elections: Senate - last held 26
                                        November 2000 (next to be held in
                                        the fall of 2004); Chamber of
                                        Deputies - last held 26 November
                                        2000 (next to be held in the fall of
                                        2004)
                                        election results: Senate - percent
                                        of vote by party - PDSR 37.1%, PRM
                                        21.0%, PD 7.6%, PNL 7.5%, UDMR 6.9%;
                                        seats by party - PDSR 65, PRM 37, PD
                                        13, PNL 13, UDMR 12; Chamber of
                                        Deputies - percent of vote by party
                                        - PDSR 36.6%, PRM 19.5%, PD 7.0%,
                                        PNL, 6.9%, UDMR 6.8%; seats by party
                                        - PDSR 155, PRM 84, PD 31, PNL 30,
                                        UDMR 27, ethnic minorities 18
                       Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (judges are
                                        appointed by the president on the
                                        recommendation of the Superior
                                        Council of Magistrates)
         Political parties and leaders: Democratic Party or PD [Traian
                                        BASESCU]; Democratic Union of
                                        Hungarians in Romania or UDMR [Bela
                                        MARKO]; National Liberal Party or
                                        PNL [Valeriu STOICA]; Party of
                                        Social Democracy or PSD [Adrian
                                        NASTASE]; note - used to be known as
                                        the Party of Social Democracy in
                                        Romania or PDSR; Romania Mare Party
                                        (Greater Romanian Party) or PRM
                                        [Corneliu Vadim TUDOR]
          Political pressure groups and various human rights and
                               leaders: professional associations
             International organization ACCT, Australia Group, BIS, BSEC,
                         participation: CCC, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, EU
                                        (applicant), FAO, G- 9, G-77, IAEA,
                                        IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD,
                                        IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol,
                                        IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer),
                                        MONUC, NAM (guest), NSG, OAS
                                        (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP,
                                        UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM,
                                        UNMEE, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UPU, WCL, WEU
                                        (associate partner), WFTU, WHO,
                                        WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO, ZC
   Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Sorin
                                        Dumitru DUCARU
                                        consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los
                                        Angeles, and New York
                                        FAX: [1] (202) 232-4748
                                        telephone: [1] (202) 332-4846, 4848,
                                        4851
                                        chancery: 1607 23rd Street NW,
                                        Washington, DC 20008
     Diplomatic representation from the chief of mission: Ambassador Michael
                                    US: GUEST
                                        embassy: Strada Tudor Arghezi 7-9,
                                        Bucharest
                                        mailing address: American Embassy
                                        Bucharest, Department of State,
                                        Washington, DC 20521-5260 (pouch)
                                        telephone: [40] (1) 210 40 42
                                        FAX: [40] (1) 210 03 95
                                        branch office(s): Cluj-Napoca
                      Flag description: three equal vertical bands of blue
                                        (hoist side), yellow, and red; the
                                        national coat of arms that used to
                                        be centered in the yellow band has
                                        been removed; now similar to the
                                        flag of Chad, also resembles the
                                        flags of Andorra and Moldova
  
   Economy Romania
   ---------------
                    Economy - overview: Romania, one of the poorest
                                        countries of Central and Eastern
                                        Europe, began the transition from
                                        Communism in 1989 with a largely
                                        obsolete industrial base and a
                                        pattern of output unsuited to the
                                        country's needs. Over the past
                                        decade economic restructuring has
                                        lagged behind most other countries
                                        in the region. Consequently, living
                                        standards have continued to fall -
                                        real wages are down perhaps 40%. The
                                        country emerged in 2000 from a
                                        punishing three-year recession
                                        thanks to strong demand in EU export
                                        markets, and despite the global
                                        slowdown in 2001, strong domestic
                                        activity in construction,
                                        agriculture, and consumption led to
                                        4.8% growth. A standby agreement
                                        with the IMF - covering the period
                                        October 2001 to March 2003 -
                                        provides a key opportunity for
                                        vigorous privatization, regulatory
                                        reform, deficit reduction, and the
                                        curbing of inflation. The government
                                        in the past has not been able to
                                        fully implement IMF agreements; its
                                        degree of success in this case will
                                        affect prospects for joining the EU.
                                   GDP: purchasing power parity - $152.7
                                        billion (2001 est.)
                GDP - real growth rate: 4.8% (2001 est.)
                      GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $6,800
                                        (2001 est.)
           GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 15%
                                        industry: 30%
                                        services: 55% (2000)
         Population below poverty line: 44.5% (2000)
     Household income or consumption by lowest 10%: 3.7%
                      percentage share: highest 10%: 22.7% (1994)
   Distribution of family income - Gini 30.5 (1997)
                                 index:
      Inflation rate (consumer prices): 34.5% (2001 est.)
                           Labor force: 9.9 million (1999 est.)
           Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 40%, industry 25%,
                                        services 35% (1998)
                     Unemployment rate: 9.1% (2001)
                                Budget: revenues: $11.7 billion
                                        expenditures: $12.4 billion,
                                        including capital expenditures of
                                        $NA (1999 est.)
                            Industries: textiles and footwear, light
                                        machinery and auto assembly, mining,
                                        timber, construction materials,
                                        metallurgy, chemicals, food
                                        processing, petroleum refining
     Industrial production growth rate: 6.5% (2001)
              Electricity - production: 49.787 billion kWh (2000)
    Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 52.58%
                                        hydro: 36.92%
                                        other: 0.01% (2000)
                                        nuclear: 10.49%
             Electricity - consumption: 45.677 billion kWh (2000)
                 Electricity - exports: 1.4 billion kWh (2000)
                 Electricity - imports: 775 million kWh (2000)
                Agriculture - products: wheat, corn, sugar beets, sunflower
                                        seed, potatoes, grapes; eggs, sheep
                               Exports: $11.5 billion (f.o.b., 2001 est.)
                 Exports - commodities: textiles and footwear 26%, metals
                                        and metal products 15%, machinery
                                        and equipment 11%, minerals and
                                        fuels 6% (1999)
                    Exports - partners: Italy 22%, Germany 16%, France 7%,
                                        Turkey 6%, US (2000)
                               Imports: $14.4 billion (f.o.b., 2001 est.)
                 Imports - commodities: machinery and equipment 23%, fuels
                                        and minerals 12%, chemicals 9%,
                                        textile and products 19% (1999)
                    Imports - partners: Italy 19%, Germany 15%, Russia 9%,
                                        France 6% (2000)
                       Debt - external: $11.6 billion (2001 est.)
                              Currency: leu (ROL)
                         Currency code: ROL
                        Exchange rates: lei per US dollar - 35,052.0
                                        (January 2002), 29,060.8 (2001),
                                        21,708.7 (2000), 15,332.8 (1999),
                                        8,875.6 (1998), 7,167.9 (1997); note
                                        - lei is the plural form of leu
                           Fiscal year: calendar year
  
   Communications Romania
   ----------------------
        Telephones - main lines in use: 3.777 million (1997)
          Telephones - mobile cellular: 645,500 (1999)
                      Telephone system: general assessment: poor domestic
                                        service, but improving
                                        domestic: 90% of telephone network
                                        is automatic; trunk network is
                                        mostly microwave radio relay, with
                                        some fiber-optic cable; about one-
                                        third of exchange capacity is
                                        digital; roughly 3,300 villages have
                                        no service
                                        international: satellite earth
                                        station - 1 Intelsat; new digital,
                                        international, direct-dial exchanges
                                        operate in Bucharest; note - Romania
                                        is an active participant in several
                                        international telecommunication
                                        network projects (1999)
              Radio broadcast stations: AM 40, FM 202, shortwave 3 (1998)
                                Radios: 7.2 million (1997)
         Television broadcast stations: 48 (plus 392 repeaters) (1995)
                           Televisions: 5.25 million (1997)
                 Internet country code: .ro
     Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 38 (2000)
                        Internet users: 800,000 (2001)
  
   Transportation Romania
   ----------------------
                              Railways: total: 11,385 km (3,888 km
                                        electrified)
                                        standard gauge: 10,898 km 1.435-
                                        m gauge
                                        narrow gauge: 427 km 0.760-m gauge
                                        (2001)
                                        broad gage: 60 km 1.524-m gauge
                              Highways: total: 153,359 km
                                        paved: 103,671 km (including 133 km
                                        of expressways)
                                        unpaved: 49,688 km (1998 est.)
                             Waterways: 1,724 km (1984)
                             Pipelines: crude oil 2,800 km; petroleum
                                        products 1,429 km; natural gas 6,400
                                        km (1992)
                     Ports and harbors: Braila, Constanta, Galati, Mangalia,
                                        Sulina, Tulcea
                       Merchant marine: total: 70 ships (1,000 GRT or over)
                                        totaling 561,470 GRT/754,836 DWT
                                        note: includes some foreign-owned
                                        ships registered here as a flag of
                                        convenience: Greece 1, Italy 5 (2002
                                        est.)
                                        ships by type: bulk 11, cargo 47,
                                        passenger 1, passenger/cargo 1,
                                        petroleum tanker 4, railcar carrier
                                        2, roll on/roll off 4
                              Airports: 61 (2001)
         Airports - with paved runways: total: 24
                                        over 3,047 m: 4
                                        2,438 to 3,047 m: 9
                                        1,524 to 2,437 m: 11 (2001)
       Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 37
                                        under 914 m: 23 (2001)
                                        1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
                                        914 to 1,523 m: 12
                             Heliports: 2 (2001)
  
   Military Romania
   ----------------
                      Military branches: Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense
                                         Forces (AMR), Paramilitary Forces,
                                         Civil Defense, Border Guards
       Military manpower - military age: 20 years of age (2002 est.)
       Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 5,906,601 (2002
                                         est.)
    Military manpower - fit for military males age 15-49: 4,970,496 (2002
                                service: est.)
   Military manpower - reaching military males: 179,951 (2002 est.)
                           age annually:
          Military expenditures - dollar $985 million (2002)
                                 figure:
      Military expenditures - percent of 2.47% (2002)
                                    GDP:
  
   Transnational Issues Romania
   ----------------------------
              Disputes - international: Romania and Ukraine have yet to
                                        resolve claims over Ukrainian-
                                        administered Zmiyinyy (Snake) Island
                                        and delimitation of Black Sea
                                        maritime boundary, despite 1997
                                        bilateral treaty to find a solution
                                        in two years and numerous talks;
                                        because of a shift in the Danube
                                        course since the last correction of
                                        the boundary in 1920, a joint
                                        Bulgarian-Romanian team will
                                        recommend sovereignty changes to
                                        several islands and redefine the
                                        boundary
                         Illicit drugs: major transshipment point for
                                        Southwest Asian heroin transiting
                                        the Balkan route and small amounts
                                        of Latin American cocaine bound for
                                        Western Europe
  
                                       



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