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World Gazetteer Results for Atbasar:
NameAtbasar
Alternate NamesAtbassar
Geographical TypeLocality
Population34797
Latitude
Longitude
CountryKazakhstan
Administrative DivisionAqmola
Dictionary Results for Kazakhstan:
1. WordNet® 3.0 (2006)
Kazakhstan
    n 1: a landlocked republic to the south of Russia and to the
         northeast of the Caspian Sea; the original Turkic-speaking
         inhabitants were overrun by Mongols in the 13th century; an
         Asian soviet from 1936 to 1991 [syn: Kazakhstan,
         Republic of Kazakhstan, Kazakstan, Kazakh, Kazak]

2. CIA World Factbook 2002
Kazakhstan

   Introduction Kazakhstan
   -----------------------
                            Background: Native Kazakhs, a mix of Turkic and
                                        Mongol nomadic tribes who migrated
                                        into the region in the 13th century,
                                        were rarely united as a single
                                        nation. The area was conquered by
                                        Russia in the 18th century and
                                        Kazakhstan became a Soviet Republic
                                        in 1936. During the 1950s and 1960s
                                        agricultural "Virgin Lands" program,
                                        Soviet citizens were encouraged to
                                        help cultivate Kazakhstan's northern
                                        pastures. This influx of immigrants
                                        (mostly Russians, but also some
                                        other deported nationalities) skewed
                                        the ethnic mixture and enabled non-
                                        Kazakhs to outnumber natives.
                                        Independence has caused many of
                                        these newcomers to emigrate. Current
                                        issues include: developing a
                                        cohesive national identity;
                                        expanding the development of the
                                        country's vast energy resources and
                                        exporting them to world markets;
                                        achieving a sustainable economic
                                        growth outside the oil, gas, and
                                        mining sectors; and strengthening
                                        relations with neighboring states
                                        and other foreign powers.
  
   Geography Kazakhstan
   --------------------
                              Location: Central Asia, northwest of China
                Geographic coordinates: 48 00 N, 68 00 E
                        Map references: Asia
                                  Area: total: 2,717,300 sq km
                                        water: 47,500 sq km
                                        land: 2,669,800 sq km
                    Area - comparative: slightly less than four times the
                                        size of Texas
                       Land boundaries: total: 12,012 km
                                        border countries: China 1,533 km,
                                        Kyrgyzstan 1,051 km, Russia 6,846
                                        km, Turkmenistan 379 km, Uzbekistan
                                        2,203 km
                             Coastline: 0 km (landlocked); note - Kazakhstan
                                        borders the Aral Sea, now split into
                                        two bodies of water (1,070 km), and
                                        the Caspian Sea (1,894 km)
                       Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
                               Climate: continental, cold winters and hot
                                        summers, arid and semiarid
                               Terrain: extends from the Volga to the Altai
                                        Mountains and from the plains in
                                        western Siberia to oases and desert
                                        in Central Asia
                    Elevation extremes: lowest point: Vpadina Kaundy -132 m
                                        highest point: Khan Tangiri Shyngy
                                        (Pik Khan-Tengri) 6,995 m
                     Natural resources: major deposits of petroleum, natural
                                        gas, coal, iron ore, manganese,
                                        chrome ore, nickel, cobalt, copper,
                                        molybdenum, lead, zinc, bauxite,
                                        gold, uranium
                              Land use: arable land: 11.23%
                                        permanent crops: 0.05%
                                        other: 88.72% (1998 est.)
                        Irrigated land: 23,320 sq km (1998 est.)
                       Natural hazards: earthquakes in the south, mudslides
                                        around Almaty
          Environment - current issues: radioactive or toxic chemical sites
                                        associated with its former defense
                                        industries and test ranges
                                        throughout the country pose health
                                        risks for humans and animals;
                                        industrial pollution is severe in
                                        some cities; because the two main
                                        rivers which flowed into the Aral
                                        Sea have been diverted for
                                        irrigation, it is drying up and
                                        leaving behind a harmful layer of
                                        chemical pesticides and natural
                                        salts; these substances are then
                                        picked up by the wind and blown into
                                        noxious dust storms; pollution in
                                        the Caspian Sea; soil pollution from
                                        overuse of agricultural chemicals
                                        and salination from poor
                                        infrastructure and wasteful
                                        irrigation practices
            Environment - international party to: Air Pollution,
                            agreements: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
                                        Desertification, Endangered Species,
                                        Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
                                        Pollution
                                        signed, but not ratified: Climate
                                        Change-Kyoto Protocol
                      Geography - note: landlocked; Russia leases
                                        approximately 6,000 sq km of
                                        territory enclosing the Baykonur
                                        Cosmodrome
  
   People Kazakhstan
   -----------------
                            Population: 16,741,519 (July 2002 est.)
                         Age structure: 0-14 years: 26% (male 2,212,985;
                                        female 2,141,392)
                                        15-64 years: 66.5% (male 5,393,281;
                                        female 5,731,288)
                                        65 years and over: 7.5% (male
                                        434,879; female 827,694) (2002 est.)
                Population growth rate: 0.1% (2002 est.)
                            Birth rate: 17.83 births/1,000 population (2002
                                        est.)
                            Death rate: 10.69 deaths/1,000 population (2002
                                        est.)
                    Net migration rate: -6.16 migrant(s)/1,000 population
                                        (2002 est.)
                             Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
                                        under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
                                        15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
                                        65 years and over: 0.53 male(s)/
                                        female
                                        total population: 0.92 male(s)/
                                        female (2002 est.)
                 Infant mortality rate: 58.95 deaths/1,000 live births (2002
                                        est.)
              Life expectancy at birth: total population: 63.38 years
                                        female: 69.01 years (2002 est.)
                                        male: 58.02 years
                  Total fertility rate: 2.12 children born/woman (2002 est.)
      HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.04% (1999 est.)
     HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/ 3,500 (1999 est.)
                                  AIDS:
                     HIV/AIDS - deaths: less than 100 (1999 est.)
                           Nationality: noun: Kazakhstani(s)
                                        adjective: Kazakhstani
                         Ethnic groups: Kazakh (Qazaq) 53.4%, Russian 30%,
                                        Ukrainian 3.7%, Uzbek 2.5%, German
                                        2.4%, Uighur 1.4%, other 6.6% (1999
                                        census)
                             Religions: Muslim 47%, Russian Orthodox 44%,
                                        Protestant 2%, other 7%
                             Languages: Kazakh (Qazaq, state language)
                                        64.4%, Russian (official, used in
                                        everyday business, designated the
                                        "language of interethnic
                                        communication") 95% (2001 est.)
                              Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read
                                        and write
                                        total population: 98.4%
                                        male: 99.1%
                                        female: 97.7% (1999 est.)
  
   Government Kazakhstan
   ---------------------
                          Country name: conventional long form: Republic of
                                        Kazakhstan
                                        conventional short form: Kazakhstan
                                        local long form: Qazaqstan
                                        Respublikasy
                                        former: Kazakh Soviet Socialist
                                        Republic
                                        local short form: none
                       Government type: republic
                               Capital: Astana; note - the government moved
                                        from Almaty to Astana in December
                                        1998
              Administrative divisions: 14 provinces (oblystar, singular -
                                        oblys) and 3 cities* (qala, singular
                                        - qalasy); Almaty Oblysy, Almaty
                                        Qalasy*, Aqmola Oblysy (Astana),
                                        Aqtobe Oblysy, Astana Qalasy*,
                                        Atyrau Oblysy, Batys Qazaqstan
                                        Oblysy (Oral), Bayqongyr Qalasy*,
                                        Mangghystau Oblysy (Aqtau),
                                        Ongtustik Qazaqstan Oblysy
                                        (Shymkent), Pavlodar Oblysy,
                                        Qaraghandy Oblysy, Qostanay Oblysy,
                                        Qyzylorda Oblysy, Shyghys Qazaqstan
                                        Oblysy (Oskemen), Soltustik
                                        Qazaqstan Oblysy (Petropavlovsk),
                                        Zhambyl Oblysy (Taraz)
                                        note: administrative divisions have
                                        the same names as their
                                        administrative centers (exceptions
                                        have the administrative center name
                                        following in parentheses); in 1995
                                        the Governments of Kazakhstan and
                                        Russia entered into an agreement
                                        whereby Russia would lease for a
                                        period of 20 years an area of 6,000
                                        sq km enclosing the Baykonur space
                                        launch facilities and the city of
                                        Bayqongyr (Baykonyr, formerly
                                        Leninsk)
                          Independence: 16 December 1991 (from the Soviet
                                        Union)
                      National holiday: Republic Day, 25 October (1990)
                          Constitution: adopted by national referendum 30
                                        August 1995; first post-independence
                                        constitution was adopted 28 January
                                        1993
                          Legal system: based on civil law system
                              Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
                      Executive branch: chief of state: President Nursultan
                                        A. NAZARBAYEV (chairman of the
                                        Supreme Soviet from 22 February
                                        1990, elected president 1 December
                                        1991)
                                        head of government: Prime Minister
                                        Imangali TASMAGAMBETOV (since 28
                                        January 2002)
                                        cabinet: Council of Ministers
                                        appointed by the president
                                        election results: Nursultan A.
                                        NAZARBAYEV reelected president;
                                        percent of vote - Nursultan A.
                                        NAZARBAYEV 81.7%, Serikbolsyn
                                        ABDILDIN 12.1%, Gani KASYMOV 4.7%,
                                        Engels GABBASSOV 1.5%
                                        note: President NAZARBAYEV expanded
                                        his presidential powers by decree:
                                        only he can initiate constitutional
                                        amendments, appoint and dismiss the
                                        government, dissolve Parliament,
                                        call referenda at his discretion,
                                        and appoint administrative heads of
                                        regions and cities
                                        elections: president elected by
                                        popular vote for a seven-year term;
                                        election last held 10 January 1999,
                                        a year before it was previously
                                        scheduled (next to be held NA 2006);
                                        note - President NAZARBAYEV's
                                        previous term was extended to 2000
                                        by a nationwide referendum held 30
                                        April 1995; prime minister and first
                                        deputy prime minister appointed by
                                        the president
                    Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of the
                                        Senate (39 seats - previously 47
                                        seats; 7 senators are appointed by
                                        the president; other members are
                                        popularly elected, two from each of
                                        the 14 oblasts, the capital of
                                        Astana, and the city of Almaty, to
                                        serve six-year terms) and the
                                        Majilis (77 seats; 10 out of the 77
                                        Majilis members are elected from the
                                        winning party's lists; members are
                                        popularly elected to serve five-year
                                        terms)
                                        election results: note - the
                                        election results are for the old
                                        Senate structure; Senate - percent
                                        of vote by party - NA%; seats by
                                        party - NA; 16 seats up for election
                                        in 1999, candidates nominated by
                                        local councils; Majilis - percent of
                                        vote by party - NA%; seats by party
                                        - Otan 23, Civic Party 13, Communist
                                        Party 3, Agrarian Party 3, People's
                                        Cooperative Party 1, independents
                                        34; note - most independent
                                        candidates are affiliated with
                                        parastatal enterprises and other
                                        pro-government institutions
                                        elections: Senate - (indirect) last
                                        held 17 September 1999 (next to be
                                        held NA December 2005); Majilis -
                                        last held 10 and 24 October and 26
                                        December 1999 (next to be held NA
                                        2004)
                       Judicial branch: Supreme Court (44 members);
                                        Constitutional Council (7 members)
         Political parties and leaders: Agrarian Party [Romin MADINOV];
                                        Alash [Sabet-Kazy AKATAY]; AZAMAT
                                        "Citizen" Movement [Petr SVOIK,
                                        Murat AUEZOV, and Galym ABILSEITOV,
                                        cochairmen]; Civic Party [Azat
                                        PERUASHEV, first secretary];
                                        Communist Party or KPK [Serikbolsyn
                                        ABDILDIN, first secretary]; Forum of
                                        Democratic Forces [a union of
                                        opposition parties, movements, and
                                        NGOs which includes Communists,
                                        RNPK, Orleu "Development" Movement,
                                        Pokoleniye "Generation" Pensioners'
                                        Movement, Labor Movement,
                                        Association of Independent Mass
                                        Media of Central Asia, and the
                                        Tabighat "Nature" Ecological
                                        Movement]; Labor and Worker's
                                        Movement [Madel ISMAILOV, chairman];
                                        Orleu "Development" Movement
                                        [Seidakhmet KUTTYKADAM]; Otan
                                        "Fatherland" [Sergei TERESCHENKO,
                                        chairman]; Pensioners Movement or
                                        Pokoleniye [Irina SAVOSTINA,
                                        chairwoman]; People's Congress of
                                        Kazakhstan of NKK [Olzhas
                                        SULEIMENOV, chairman]; People's
                                        Cooperative Party of Kazakhstan
                                        [Umirzak SARSENOV]; Republican
                                        People's Party of Kazakhstan or RNPK
                                        [Akezhan KAZHEGELDIN]; Socialist
                                        Party [Petr SVOIK]; United
                                        Democratic Party (a new party not
                                        yet registered) [leader NA]
          Political pressure groups and Adil-Soz [Tamara KALEYEVA];
                               leaders: Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan
                                        [Galymzhan ZHAKIYANOV, Uraz
                                        ZHANDOSOV, Nurzhan SUBKHANBERDIN,
                                        Mukhtar ABLYAZOV, Zhanat YERTLESOVA,
                                        Bulat ABILOV, cofounders];
                                        Kazakhstan International Bureau on
                                        Human Rights [Yevgeniy ZHOVTIS,
                                        executive director]
             International organization AsDB, CCC, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECE,
                         participation: ECO, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
                                        IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS
                                        (associate), ILO, IMF, IMO,
                                        Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO,
                                        ITU, NAM (observer), OAS (observer),
                                        OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD,
                                        UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO,
                                        WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer)
   Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Kanat
                                        B. SAUDABAYEV
                                        chancery: 1401 16th Street NW,
                                        Washington, DC 20036
                                        consulate(s): New York
                                        FAX: [1] (202) 232-5845
                                        telephone: [1] (202) 232-5488
     Diplomatic representation from the chief of mission: Ambassador Larry
                                    US: C. NAPPER
                                        embassy: 99/97A Furmanova Street,
                                        Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
                                        480091
                                        mailing address: American Embassy
                                        Almaty, Department of State,
                                        Washington, DC 20521-7030
                                        telephone: [7] (3272) 63-39-21, 50-
                                        76-23, 50-76-27 (emergency number)
                                        FAX: [7] (3272) 63-38-83, 50-76-24
                      Flag description: sky blue background representing the
                                        endless sky and a gold sun with 32
                                        rays soaring above a golden steppe
                                        eagle in the center; on the hoist
                                        side is a "national ornamentation"
                                        in gold
  
   Economy Kazakhstan
   ------------------
                    Economy - overview: Kazakhstan, the largest of the
                                        former Soviet republics in
                                        territory, excluding Russia,
                                        possesses enormous fossil fuel
                                        reserves as well as plentiful
                                        supplies of other minerals and
                                        metals. It also is a large
                                        agricultural - livestock and grain -
                                        producer. Kazakhstan's industrial
                                        sector rests on the extraction and
                                        processing of these natural
                                        resources and also on a growing
                                        machine-building sector specializing
                                        in construction equipment, tractors,
                                        agricultural machinery, and some
                                        defense items. The breakup of the
                                        USSR in December 1991 and the
                                        collapse in demand for Kazakhstan's
                                        traditional heavy industry products
                                        resulted in a short-term contraction
                                        of the economy, with the steepest
                                        annual decline occurring in 1994. In
                                        1995-97, the pace of the government
                                        program of economic reform and
                                        privatization quickened, resulting
                                        in a substantial shifting of assets
                                        into the private sector. Kazakhstan
                                        has enjoyed double-digit growth in
                                        2000-01 thanks largely to its
                                        booming energy sector, but also to
                                        economic reform, good harvests, and
                                        foreign investment. The opening of
                                        the Caspian Consortium pipeline in
                                        2001, from western Kazakhstan's
                                        Tengiz oilfield to the Black Sea,
                                        substantially raises export
                                        capacity. Astana has embarked upon
                                        an industrial policy designed to
                                        diversify the economy away from
                                        overdependence on the oil sector by
                                        developing light industry.
                                   GDP: purchasing power parity - $98.1
                                        billion (2001 est.)
                GDP - real growth rate: 12.2% (2001 est.)
                      GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $5,900
                                        (2001 est.)
           GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 10%
                                        industry: 30%
                                        services: 60% (2000 est.)
         Population below poverty line: 26% (2001 est.)
     Household income or consumption by lowest 10%: 2.8%
                      percentage share: highest 10%: 27.3% (2001)
   Distribution of family income - Gini 35.4 (1996)
                                 index:
      Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8.5% (2001 est.)
                           Labor force: 8.4 million (1999)
           Labor force - by occupation: industry 30%, agriculture 20%,
                                        services 50% (2001 est.)
                     Unemployment rate: 10% (2001 est.)
                                Budget: revenues: $4.2 billion
                                        expenditures: $5.1 billion,
                                        including capital expenditures of
                                        $NA (2001 est.)
                            Industries: oil, coal, iron ore, manganese,
                                        chromite, lead, zinc, copper,
                                        titanium, bauxite, gold, silver,
                                        phosphates, sulfur, iron and steel,
                                        tractors and other agricultural
                                        machinery, electric motors,
                                        construction materials
     Industrial production growth rate: 11.4% (2001 est.)
              Electricity - production: 48.692 billion kWh (2000)
    Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 86.4%
                                        hydro: 13.6%
                                        other: 0% (2000)
                                        nuclear: 0%
             Electricity - consumption: 48.336 billion kWh (2000)
                 Electricity - exports: 50 million kWh (2000)
                 Electricity - imports: 3.102 billion kWh (2000)
                Agriculture - products: grain (mostly spring wheat), cotton;
                                        wool, livestock
                               Exports: $10.5 billion (f.o.b., 2001 est.)
                 Exports - commodities: oil and oil products 52.8%, ferrous
                                        metals 12.9%, machinery, chemicals,
                                        grain, wool, meat, coal (2000)
                    Exports - partners: Russia 19.5%, China 7.3%, Germany
                                        6.2% (2000)
                               Imports: $8.2 billion (f.o.b., 2001 est.)
                 Imports - commodities: machinery and parts 29.5%, energy
                                        and fuels 11.3%, electrical
                                        equipment 8.8%, vehicles 8.7%,
                                        ferrous metals 6.4% (2000)
                    Imports - partners: Russia 48.7%, Germany 6.6%, US 5.5%
                                        (2000)
                       Debt - external: $11.6 billion (2001 est.)
              Economic aid - recipient: $610 million in US assistance
                                        programs, 1992-2000
                              Currency: tenge (KZT)
                         Currency code: KZT
                        Exchange rates: tenge per US dollar - 151.14
                                        (January 2002), 146.74 (2001),
                                        142.13 (2000), 119.52 (1999), 78.30
                                        (1998), 75.44 (1997)
                           Fiscal year: calendar year
  
   Communications Kazakhstan
   -------------------------
        Telephones - main lines in use: 1.92 million (2001)
          Telephones - mobile cellular: 400,000 (2001)
                      Telephone system: general assessment: service is poor;
                                        equipment antiquated
                                        domestic: intercity by landline and
                                        microwave radio relay; mobile
                                        cellular systems are available in
                                        most of Kazakhstan
                                        international: international traffic
                                        with other former Soviet republics
                                        and China carried by landline and
                                        microwave radio relay; with other
                                        countries by satellite and by the
                                        Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic
                                        cable; satellite earth stations - 2
                                        Intelsat
              Radio broadcast stations: AM 60, FM 17, shortwave 9 (1998)
                                Radios: 6.47 million (1997)
         Television broadcast stations: 12 (plus nine repeaters) (1998)
                           Televisions: 3.88 million (1997)
                 Internet country code: .kz
     Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 10 (with their own international
                                        channels) (2001)
                        Internet users: 85,000 (2001)
  
   Transportation Kazakhstan
   -------------------------
                              Railways: total: 13,601 km in common carrier
                                        service; does not include industrial
                                        lines
                                        broad gauge: 13,601 km 1.520-m gauge
                                        (3,661 km electrified) (2001)
                              Highways: total: 189,000 km
                                        paved: 108,100 km (includes some
                                        all-weather gravel-surfaced roads)
                                        unpaved: 80,900 km (these roads are
                                        made of unstabilized earth and are
                                        difficult to negotiate in wet
                                        weather) (1990)
                             Waterways: 3,900 km
                                        note: on the Syr Darya (Syrdariya)
                                        and Ertis (Irtysh) rivers
                             Pipelines: crude oil 2,850 km; refined products
                                        1,500 km; natural gas 3,480 km
                                        (1992)
                     Ports and harbors: Aqtau (Shevchenko), Atyrau
                                        (Gur'yev), Oskemen (Ust-
                                        Kamenogorsk), Pavlodar, Semey
                                        (Semipalatinsk)
                       Merchant marine: total: 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over)
                                        totaling 1,064 GRT/646 DWT
                                        note: includes a foreign-owned ship
                                        registered here as a flag of
                                        convenience: United States 1 (2002
                                        est.)
                                        ships by type: roll on/roll off 1
                              Airports: 449 (2001)
         Airports - with paved runways: total: 28
                                        over 3,047 m: 6
                                        2,438 to 3,047 m: 14
                                        1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
                                        under 914 m: 3 (2001)
       Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 421
                                        over 3,047 m: 11
                                        2,438 to 3,047 m: 18
                                        1,524 to 2,437 m: 45
                                        914 to 1,523 m: 101
                                        under 914 m: 246 (2001)
  
   Military Kazakhstan
   -------------------
                     Military branches: Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense
                                        Forces, Naval Force, Border Service,
                                        Republican Guard
      Military manpower - military age: 18 years of age (2002 est.)
      Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 4,545,168 (2002
                                        est.)
   Military manpower - fit for military males age 15-49: 3,629,219 (2002
                               service: est.)
           Military manpower - reaching males: 163,628 (2002 est.)
                 military age annually:
         Military expenditures - dollar $173 million (Ministry of Defense
                                figure: expenditures) (FY01)
     Military expenditures - percent of 1% (Ministry of Defense
                                   GDP: expenditures) (FY01)
  
   Transnational Issues Kazakhstan
   -------------------------------
              Disputes - international: Kazakhstan is working rapidly with
                                        China and Russia to delimit its
                                        large open borders to control
                                        population migration, illegal
                                        activities, and trade; signed
                                        bilateral agreement with Russia
                                        delimiting the Caspian Sea seabed,
                                        but littoral states are far from any
                                        multilateral agreement on dividing
                                        the waters and seabed regimes - Iran
                                        insists on division of Caspian Sea
                                        into five equal sectors while
                                        Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Russia, and
                                        Turkmenistan have generally agreed
                                        upon equidistant seabed boundaries;
                                        border largely delimited with
                                        Uzbekistan, but unresolved dispute
                                        remains over sovereignty of two
                                        border villages, Bagys and
                                        Turkestan, and around the Arnasay
                                        dam; Kazakhstan, Tajikistan,
                                        Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan wrestle
                                        with sharing limited water resources
                                        and the regional environmental
                                        degradation caused by the shrinking
                                        of the Aral Sea; disputes with
                                        Kyrgyzstan over providing water and
                                        hydropower to Kazakhstan
                         Illicit drugs: significant illicit cultivation of
                                        cannabis and limited cultivation of
                                        opium poppy and ephedra (for the
                                        drug ephedrone); limited government
                                        eradication program; cannabis
                                        consumed largely in the CIS; used as
                                        transshipment point for illicit
                                        drugs to Russia, North America, and
                                        Western Europe from Southwest Asia;
                                        developing heroin addiction problem
  
                                       



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