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World Gazetteer Results for Ambla:
NameAmbla
Geographical TypeLocality
Population352
Latitude
Longitude
CountryEstonia
Administrative DivisionJärva
3rd Administrative DivisionOise
Dictionary Results for Estonia:
1. WordNet® 3.0 (2006)
Estonia
    n 1: a republic in northeastern Europe on the Baltic Sea [syn:
         Estonia, Esthonia, Republic of Estonia]

2. CIA World Factbook 2002
Estonia

   Introduction Estonia
   --------------------
                            Background: After centuries of Danish, Swedish,
                                        German, and Russian rule, Estonia
                                        attained independence in 1918.
                                        Forcibly incorporated into the USSR
                                        in 1940, it regained its freedom in
                                        1991 with the collapse of the Soviet
                                        Union. Since the last Russian troops
                                        left in 1994, Estonia has been free
                                        to promote economic and political
                                        ties with Western Europe.
  
   Geography Estonia
   -----------------
                              Location: Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic
                                        Sea and Gulf of Finland, between
                                        Latvia and Russia
                Geographic coordinates: 59 00 N, 26 00 E
                        Map references: Europe
                                  Area: total: 45,226 sq km
                                        note: includes 1,520 islands in the
                                        Baltic Sea
                                        water: 2,015 sq km
                                        land: 43,211 sq km
                    Area - comparative: slightly smaller than New Hampshire
                                        and Vermont combined
                       Land boundaries: total: 633 km
                                        border countries: Latvia 339 km,
                                        Russia 294 km
                             Coastline: 3,794 km
                       Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: limits
                                        fixed in coordination with
                                        neighboring states
                                        territorial sea: 12 NM
                               Climate: maritime, wet, moderate winters,
                                        cool summers
                               Terrain: marshy, lowlands; flat in the north,
                                        hilly in the south
                    Elevation extremes: lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m
                                        highest point: Suur Munamagi 318 m
                     Natural resources: oil shale, peat, phosphorite, clay,
                                        limestone, sand, dolomite, arable
                                        land, sea mud
                              Land use: arable land: 26.5%
                                        permanent crops: 0.35%
                                        other: 73.15% (1998 est.)
                        Irrigated land: 40 sq km (1998 est.)
                       Natural hazards: sometimes flooding occurs in the
                                        spring
          Environment - current issues: air polluted with sulfur dioxide
                                        from oil-shale burning power plants
                                        in northeast; however, the amount of
                                        pollutants emitted to the air have
                                        fallen steadily, the emissions of
                                        2000 were 4.6 times smaller than in
                                        1980; the amount of unpurified
                                        wastewater discharged to water
                                        bodies fell 20 times in 2000
                                        compared to 1980; in connection with
                                        the start-up of new water
                                        purification plants, the pollution
                                        load of wastewater decreased;
                                        Estonia has more than 1,400 natural
                                        and manmade lakes, the smaller of
                                        which in agricultural areas need to
                                        be monitored; coastal seawater is
                                        polluted in certain locations
            Environment - international party to: Air Pollution, Air
                            agreements: Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
                                        Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-
                                        Volatile Organic Compounds,
                                        Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
                                        Climate Change, Endangered Species,
                                        Hazardous Wastes, Ship Pollution,
                                        Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
                                        signed, but not ratified: Climate
                                        Change-Kyoto Protocol
                      Geography - note: the mainland terrain is flat, boggy,
                                        and partly wooded; offshore lie more
                                        than 1,500 islands
  
   People Estonia
   --------------
                            Population: 1,415,681 (July 2002 est.)
                         Age structure: 0-14 years: 16.4% (male 118,603;
                                        female 114,102)
                                        15-64 years: 68.5% (male 466,882;
                                        female 502,343)
                                        65 years and over: 15.1% (male
                                        70,085; female 143,666) (2002 est.)
                Population growth rate: -0.52% (2002 est.)
                            Birth rate: 8.96 births/1,000 population (2002
                                        est.)
                            Death rate: 13.44 deaths/1,000 population (2002
                                        est.)
                    Net migration rate: -0.73 migrant(s)/1,000 population
                                        (2002 est.)
                             Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
                                        under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
                                        15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female
                                        65 years and over: 0.49 male(s)/
                                        female
                                        total population: 0.86 male(s)/
                                        female (2002 est.)
                 Infant mortality rate: 12.32 deaths/1,000 live births (2002
                                        est.)
              Life expectancy at birth: total population: 70.02 years
                                        female: 76.31 years (2002 est.)
                                        male: 64.03 years
                  Total fertility rate: 1.24 children born/woman (2002 est.)
      HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.04% (1999 est.)
     HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/ less than 500 (1999 est.)
                                  AIDS:
                     HIV/AIDS - deaths: less than 100 (1999 est.)
                           Nationality: noun: Estonian(s)
                                        adjective: Estonian
                         Ethnic groups: Estonian 65.3%, Russian 28.1%,
                                        Ukrainian 2.5%, Belarusian 1.5%,
                                        Finn 1%, other 1.6% (1998)
                             Religions: Evangelical Lutheran, Russian
                                        Orthodox, Estonian Orthodox,
                                        Baptist, Methodist, Seventh-Day
                                        Adventist, Roman Catholic,
                                        Pentecostal, Word of Life, Jewish
                             Languages: Estonian (official), Russian,
                                        Ukrainian, Finnish, other
                              Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read
                                        and write
                                        total population: 100%
                                        male: 100%
                                        female: 100% (1998 est.)
  
   Government Estonia
   ------------------
                          Country name: conventional long form: Republic of
                                        Estonia
                                        conventional short form: Estonia
                                        local short form: Eesti
                                        former: Estonian Soviet Socialist
                                        Republic
                                        local long form: Eesti Vabariik
                       Government type: parliamentary republic
                               Capital: Tallinn
              Administrative divisions: 15 counties (maakonnad, singular -
                                        maakond): Harjumaa (Tallinn),
                                        Hiiumaa (Kardla), Ida-Virumaa
                                        (Johvi), Jarvamaa (Paide), Jogevamaa
                                        (Jogeva), Laanemaa (Haapsalu),
                                        Laane-Virumaa (Rakvere), Parnumaa
                                        (Parnu), Polvamaa (Polva), Raplamaa
                                        (Rapla), Saaremaa (Kuressaare),
                                        Tartumaa (Tartu), Valgamaa (Valga),
                                        Viljandimaa (Viljandi), Vorumaa
                                        (Voru)
                                        note: counties have the
                                        administrative center name following
                                        in parentheses
                          Independence: regained on 20 August 1991 (from
                                        Soviet Union)
                      National holiday: Independence Day, 24 February
                                        (1918); note - 24 February 1918 was
                                        the date of independence from Soviet
                                        Russia, 20 August 1991 was the date
                                        of reindependence from the Soviet
                                        Union
                          Constitution: adopted 28 June 1992
                          Legal system: based on civil law system; no
                                        judicial review of legislative acts
                              Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal for all
                                        Estonian citizens
                      Executive branch: chief of state: President Arnold
                                        RUUTEL (since 8 October 2001)
                                        head of government: Prime Minister
                                        Siim KALLAS (since 28 January 2002)
                                        cabinet: Council of Ministers
                                        appointed by the prime minister,
                                        approved by Parliament
                                        election results: Arnold RUUTEL
                                        elected president on 21 September
                                        2001 by a 367-member electoral
                                        assembly that convened following
                                        Parliament's failure in August to
                                        elect then-President MERI's
                                        successor; on the second ballot of
                                        voting, RUUTEL received 188 votes to
                                        Parliament Speaker Toomas SAVI's
                                        155; the remaining 24 ballots were
                                        either left blank or invalid
                                        elections: president elected by
                                        Parliament for a five-year term; if
                                        he or she does not secure two-thirds
                                        of the votes after three rounds of
                                        balloting in the Parliament, then an
                                        electoral assembly (made up of
                                        Parliament plus members of local
                                        governments) elects the president,
                                        choosing between the two candidates
                                        with the largest percentage of
                                        votes; election last held 21
                                        September 2001 (next to be held in
                                        the fall of 2006); prime minister
                                        nominated by the president and
                                        approved by Parliament
                    Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament or Riigikogu
                                        (101 seats; members are elected by
                                        popular vote to serve four-year
                                        terms)
                                        election results: percent of vote by
                                        party - NA%; seats by party - Center
                                        Party 28, Union of Pro Patria
                                        (Fatherland League) 18, Reform Party
                                        18, Moderates 17, Country People's
                                        Party (Agrarians) 7, Coalition Party
                                        7, UPPE 6
                                        elections: last held 7 March 1999
                                        (next to be held NA March 2003)
                       Judicial branch: National Court (chairman appointed
                                        by Parliament for life)
         Political parties and leaders: Coalition Party [Mart SIIMANN,
                                        chairman]; Estonian Center Party or
                                        K [Edgar SAVISAAR, chairman];
                                        Estonian Christian People's Party
                                        [Aldo VINKEL]; Estonian Democratic
                                        Party [Jean LAAS]; Estonian
                                        Independence Party [Vello LEITO];
                                        Estonian People's Union [Villu
                                        REILJAN]; note - includes Estonian
                                        Country People's Party and two small
                                        parties; Estonian Reform Party [Siim
                                        KALLAS]; Estonian Social Democratic
                                        Labor Party [Tiit TOOMSALU];
                                        Estonian United People's Party or
                                        UPPE [Viktor ANDREJEV]; Estonian
                                        Unity Party [Igor PISSAREV];
                                        Moderates [Andres TARAND]; New
                                        Estonia Party [Ulo NUGIS]; Pro
                                        Patria Union [Mart LAAR, chairman];
                                        Republican Party [Kristian-Olari
                                        LEPING]; Res Publica [Rein
                                        TAAGEPERA]; Russian Baltic Party
                                        [Sergei IVANOV]; Russian Party in
                                        Estonia [Nikolai MASPANOV]
                                        note: Country People's Party,
                                        formerly under Estonian Rural
                                        People's Union, has probably
                                        dissolved
          Political pressure groups and NA
                               leaders:
             International organization BIS, CBSS, CCC, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECE,
                         participation: EU (applicant), FAO, IAEA, IBRD,
                                        ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IFC, IFRCS, IHO,
                                        ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM
                                        (observer), ISO (correspondent),
                                        ITU, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD,
                                        UNESCO, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNTSO, UPU,
                                        WEU (associate partner), WHO, WIPO,
                                        WMO, WTrO
   Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Sven
                                        JURGENSON
                                        FAX: [1] (202) 588-0108
                                        consulate(s) general: New York
                                        telephone: [1] (202) 588-0101
                                        chancery: 1730 M Street NW, Suite
                                        503, Washington, DC 20036
     Diplomatic representation from the chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph
                                    US: M. DeTHOMAS (designate)
                                        embassy: Kentmanni 20, 15099 Tallinn
  
                                        mailing address: use embassy street
                                        address
                                        telephone: [372] 668-8100
                                        FAX: [372] 668-8134
                      Flag description: pre-1940 flag restored by Supreme
                                        Soviet in May 1990 - three equal
                                        horizontal bands of blue (top),
                                        black, and white
  
   Economy Estonia
   ---------------
                    Economy - overview: Estonia, as a new member of the
                                        World Trade Organization, is
                                        steadily moving toward a modern
                                        market economy with increasing ties
                                        to the West, including the pegging
                                        of its currency to the euro. A major
                                        goal is accession to the EU,
                                        possibly by 2004. The state of the
                                        economy is greatly influenced by
                                        developments in Finland and Sweden,
                                        two major trading partners.
                                   GDP: purchasing power parity - $14.3
                                        billion (2001 est.)
                GDP - real growth rate: 4.7% (2001 est.)
                      GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $10,000
                                        (2001 est.)
           GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 6%
                                        industry: 28%
                                        services: 66% (2000)
         Population below poverty line: 25% of households (2000)
     Household income or consumption by lowest 10%: 3%
                      percentage share: highest 10%: 29.8% (1998)
   Distribution of family income - Gini 37 (1999)
                                 index:
      Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.8% (2001)
                           Labor force: 608,600 (2001 est.)
           Labor force - by occupation: industry 20%, agriculture 11%,
                                        services 69% (1999 est.)
                     Unemployment rate: 12.4% (2001)
                                Budget: revenues: $1.89 billion
                                        expenditures: $1.89 billion,
                                        including capital expenditures of
                                        $NA (2002 est.)
                            Industries: engineering, electronics, wood and
                                        wood products, textile; services;
                                        transit, information technology,
                                        telecommunications
     Industrial production growth rate: 5% (2000 est.)
              Electricity - production: 7.056 billion kWh (2000)
    Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 99.77%
                                        hydro: 0.06%
                                        other: 0.17% (2000)
                                        nuclear: 0%
             Electricity - consumption: 5.362 billion kWh (2000)
                 Electricity - exports: 1.2 billion kWh (2000)
                 Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (2000)
                Agriculture - products: potatoes, vegetables; livestock and
                                        dairy products; fish
                               Exports: $3.4 billion (f.o.b., 2001)
                 Exports - commodities: machinery and equipment 24%, wood
                                        products 20%, textiles 17%, food
                                        products 9%, metals, chemical
                                        products (1999)
                    Exports - partners: Finland 27.6%, Sweden 11%, Russia
                                        8%, Latvia 7%, Germany 6%, US 2.0%
                                        (1999) (2001)
                               Imports: $4.1 billion (f.o.b., 2001)
                 Imports - commodities: machinery and equipment 38.5%,
                                        chemical products 11.2%, textiles
                                        9.5%, foodstuffs 8.6%, metals 8.1%
                                        (2000)
                    Imports - partners: Finland 27%, Russia 10%, Germany
                                        10%, Sweden 8% (2001)
                       Debt - external: $0 (2001 est.)
              Economic aid - recipient: $108 million (2000)
                              Currency: Estonian kroon (EEK)
                         Currency code: EEK
                        Exchange rates: krooni per US dollar - 17.518
                                        (January 2002), 17.538 (2001),
                                        16.969 (2000), 14.678 (1999), 14.075
                                        (1998), 13.882 (1997); note - the
                                        kroon is tied to the euro at a fixed
                                        rate of 15.65 krooni per euro
                           Fiscal year: calendar year
  
   Communications Estonia
   ----------------------
        Telephones - main lines in use: 501,691 (2000)
          Telephones - mobile cellular: 711,000 (yearend 2001)
                      Telephone system: general assessment: foreign
                                        investment in the form of joint
                                        business ventures greatly improved
                                        telephone service; substantial
                                        fiber-optic cable systems carry
                                        telephone, TV, and radio traffic in
                                        the digital mode; internet services
                                        are available throughout most of the
                                        country - only about 11,000
                                        subscriber requests were unfilled by
                                        September 2000
                                        domestic: a wide range of high
                                        quality voice, data, and internet
                                        services is available throughout the
                                        country
                                        international: fiber-optic cables to
                                        Finland, Sweden, Latvia, and Russia
                                        provide worldwide packet-switched
                                        service; two international switches
                                        are located in Tallinn (2001)
              Radio broadcast stations: AM 0, FM 98, shortwave 0 (2001)
                                Radios: 1.01 million (1997)
         Television broadcast stations: 3 (2001)
                           Televisions: 605,000 (1997)
                 Internet country code: .ee
     Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 38 (2001)
                        Internet users: 540,000 (2001)
  
   Transportation Estonia
   ----------------------
                              Railways: total: 968 km common carrier lines
                                        only; does not include dedicated
                                        industrial lines
                                        broad gauge: 968 km 1.520-m gauge
                                        (132 km electrified) (2001)
                              Highways: total: 30,300 km
                                        paved: 29,200 km (including 75 km of
                                        expressways); note - these roads are
                                        said to be hard-surfaced, and
                                        include, in addition to
                                        conventionally paved roads, some
                                        that are surfaced with gravel or
                                        other coarse aggregate, making them
                                        trafficable in all weather
                                        unpaved: 1,100 km (2000)
                             Waterways: 320 km (perennially navigable)
                                        (2002)
                             Pipelines: natural gas 2,000 km (2002)
                     Ports and harbors: Haapsalu, Kunda, Muuga, Paldiski,
                                        Parnu, Tallinn
                       Merchant marine: total: 37 ships (1,000 GRT or over)
                                        totaling 245,958 GRT/193,042 DWT
                                        note: includes a foreign-owned ship
                                        registered here as a flag of
                                        convenience: Liberia 1 (2002 est.)
                                        ships by type: bulk 2, cargo 13,
                                        container 5, petroleum tanker 2,
                                        roll on/roll off 9, short-sea
                                        passenger 6
                              Airports: 32 (2001)
         Airports - with paved runways: total: 8
                                        2,438 to 3,047 m: 7
                                        under 914 m: 1 (2001)
       Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 24
                                        over 3,047 m: 1
                                        2,438 to 3,047 m: 5
                                        1,524 to 2,437 m: 7
                                        914 to 1,523 m: 5
                                        under 914 m: 6 (2001)
  
   Military Estonia
   ----------------
                     Military branches: Estonia Defense Forces (including
                                        Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force),
                                        Republic Security Forces (internal
                                        and border troops), Volunteer
                                        Defense League (Kaitseliit),
                                        Maritime Border Guard, Coast Guard
                                        note: Border Guards and Ministry of
                                        Internal Affairs become part of the
                                        Estonian Defense Forces in wartime;
                                        the Coast Guard is subordinate to
                                        the Ministry of Defense in peacetime
                                        and the Estonian Navy in wartime
      Military manpower - military age: 18 years of age (2002 est.)
      Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 359,902 (2002 est.)
   Military manpower - fit for military males age 15-49: 282,716 (2002 est.)
                               service:
           Military manpower - reaching males: 11,164 (2002 est.)
                 military age annually:
         Military expenditures - dollar $155 million (2002 est.)
                                figure:
     Military expenditures - percent of 2% (2002 est.)
                                   GDP:
  
   Transnational Issues Estonia
   ----------------------------
              Disputes - international: Russia continues to reject signing
                                        and ratifying the joint December
                                        1996 technical border agreement with
                                        Estonia
                         Illicit drugs: transshipment point for opiates and
                                        cannabis from Southwest Asia and the
                                        Caucasus via Russia, cocaine from
                                        Latin America to Western Europe and
                                        Scandinavia, and synthetic drugs
                                        from Western Europe to Scandinavia;
                                        increasing domestic drug abuse
                                        problem; possible precursor
                                        manufacturing and/or trafficking
  
                                       



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