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1. WordNet® 3.0 (2006)
Svalbard
    n 1: a Norwegian archipelago in the Arctic Ocean

2. CIA World Factbook 2002
Svalbard

   Introduction Svalbard
   ---------------------
                            Background: First discovered by the Norwegians
                                        in the 12th century, the islands
                                        served as an international whaling
                                        base during the 17th and 18th
                                        centuries. Norway's sovereignty was
                                        recognized in 1920; five years later
                                        it officially took over the
                                        territory.
  
   Geography Svalbard
   ------------------
                              Location: Northern Europe, islands between the
                                        Arctic Ocean, Barents Sea, Greenland
                                        Sea, and Norwegian Sea, north of
                                        Norway
                Geographic coordinates: 78 00 N, 20 00 E
                        Map references: Arctic Region
                                  Area: total: 62,049 sq km
                                        note: includes Spitsbergen and
                                        Bjornoya (Bear Island)
                                        water: 0 sq km
                                        land: 62,049 sq km
                    Area - comparative: slightly smaller than West Virginia
                       Land boundaries: 0 km
                             Coastline: 3,587 km
                       Maritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 NM
                                        unilaterally claimed by Norway but
                                        not recognized by Russia
                                        territorial sea: 4 NM
                               Climate: arctic, tempered by warm North
                                        Atlantic Current; cool summers, cold
                                        winters; North Atlantic Current
                                        flows along west and north coasts of
                                        Spitsbergen, keeping water open and
                                        navigable most of the year
                               Terrain: wild, rugged mountains; much of high
                                        land ice covered; west coast clear
                                        of ice about one-half of the year;
                                        fjords along west and north coasts
                    Elevation extremes: lowest point: Arctic Ocean 0 m
                                        highest point: Newtontoppen 1,717 m
                     Natural resources: coal, copper, iron ore, phosphate,
                                        zinc, wildlife, fish
                              Land use: arable land: 0%
                                        permanent crops: 0%
                                        other: 100% (no trees, and the only
                                        bushes are crowberry and cloudberry)
                                        (1998 est.)
                        Irrigated land: NA sq km
                       Natural hazards: ice floes often block the entrance
                                        to Bellsund (a transit point for
                                        coal export) on the west coast and
                                        occasionally make parts of the
                                        northeastern coast inaccessible to
                                        maritime traffic
          Environment - current issues: NA
                      Geography - note: northernmost part of the Kingdom of
                                        Norway; consists of nine main
                                        islands; glaciers and snowfields
                                        cover 60% of the total area
  
   People Svalbard
   ---------------
                             Population: 2,868 (July 2002 est.)
                          Age structure: 0-14 years: NA%
                                         15-64 years: NA%
                                         65 years and over: NA%
                 Population growth rate: -1.99% (2002 est.)
                             Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population
                             Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population
                     Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
                              Sex ratio: NA
                  Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births
               Life expectancy at birth: total population: NA years
                                         male: NA years
                                         female: NA years
                   Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman
       HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0% (2001)
      HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/ 0 (2001)
                                   AIDS:
                      HIV/AIDS - deaths: 0 (2001)
                          Ethnic groups: Norwegian 55.4%, Russian and
                                         Ukrainian 44.3%, other 0.3% (1998)
                              Languages: Russian, Norwegian
                               Literacy: NA
  
   Government Svalbard
   -------------------
                          Country name: conventional long form: none
                                        conventional short form: Svalbard
                                        (sometimes referred to as
                                        Spitzbergen)
                     Dependency status: territory of Norway; administered by
                                        the Polar Department of the Ministry
                                        of Justice, through a governor
                                        (sysselmann) residing in
                                        Longyearbyen, Spitsbergen; by treaty
                                        (9 February 1920) sovereignty was
                                        awarded to Norway
                       Government type: NA
                               Capital: Longyearbyen
                          Independence: none (territory of Norway)
                      National holiday: NA
                          Legal system: NA
                      Executive branch: chief of state: King HARALD V of
                                        Norway (since 17 January 1991)
                                        head of government: Governor Morten
                                        RUUD (since NA November 1998) and
                                        Assistant Governor Odd Redar
                                        HUMLEGAARD (since NA)
                                        elections: none; the monarch is
                                        hereditary; governor and assistant
                                        governor responsible to the Polar
                                        Department of the Ministry of
                                        Justice
             International organization none
                         participation:
                      Flag description: the flag of Norway is used
  
   Economy Svalbard
   ----------------
                    Economy - overview: Coal mining is the major economic
                                        activity on Svalbard. The treaty of
                                        9 February 1920 gives the 41
                                        signatories equal rights to exploit
                                        mineral deposits, subject to
                                        Norwegian regulation. Although US,
                                        UK, Dutch, and Swedish coal
                                        companies have mined in the past,
                                        the only companies still mining are
                                        Norwegian and Russian. The
                                        settlements on Svalbard are
                                        essentially company towns. The
                                        Norwegian state-owned coal company
                                        employs nearly 60% of the Norwegian
                                        population on the island, runs many
                                        of the local services, and provides
                                        most of the local infrastructure.
                                        There is also some trapping of seal,
                                        polar bear, fox, and walrus.
                                   GDP: purchasing power parity - $NA
                GDP - real growth rate: NA%
                      GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $NA
         Population below poverty line: NA%
     Household income or consumption by lowest 10%: NA%
                      percentage share: highest 10%: NA%
      Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
                           Labor force: NA
                                Budget: revenues: $11.5 million
                                        expenditures: $11.5 million,
                                        including capital expenditures of
                                        $NA (1998 est.)
     Industrial production growth rate: NA%
              Electricity - production: NA kWh
    Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: NA%
                                        other: NA%
                                        hydro: NA%
                                        nuclear: NA%
             Electricity - consumption: NA kWh
                               Exports: $NA
                               Imports: $NA
              Economic aid - recipient: $8.2 million from Norway (1998)
                              Currency: Norwegian krone (NOK)
                         Currency code: NOK
                        Exchange rates: Norwegian kroner per US dollar -
                                        8.9684 (January 2002), 8.9917
                                        (2001), 8.8018 (2000), 7.7992
                                        (1999), 7.5451 (1998), 7.0734 (1997)
  
   Communications Svalbard
   -----------------------
         Telephones - main lines in use: NA
           Telephones - mobile cellular: NA
                       Telephone system: general assessment: probably
                                         adequate
                                         domestic: local telephone service
                                         international: satellite earth
                                         station - 1 of unknown type (for
                                         communication with Norwegian
                                         mainland only)
               Radio broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 1 (plus 2 repeaters),
                                         shortwave 0 (1998)
                                 Radios: NA
          Television broadcast stations: NA
                            Televisions: NA
                  Internet country code: .sj
      Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 13 (Svalbard and Jan Mayen) (2000)
                         Internet users: NA
  
   Transportation Svalbard
   -----------------------
                                 Railways: 0 km
                                 Highways: total: NA km
                                           paved: NA km
                                           unpaved: NA km
                                Waterways: none
                        Ports and harbors: Barentsburg, Longyearbyen, Ny-
                                           Alesund, Pyramiden
                          Merchant marine: none (2002 est.)
                                 Airports: 4 (2001)
            Airports - with paved runways: total: 1
                                           1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2001)
          Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 3
                                           under 914 m: 3 (2001)
  
   Military Svalbard
   -----------------
                        Military - note: demilitarized by treaty (9 February
                                         1920)
  
   Transnational Issues Svalbard
   -----------------------------
              Disputes - international: despite recent discussions, Russia
                                        and Norway dispute their maritime
                                        limits in the Barents Sea and
                                        Russia's fishing rights beyond
                                        Svalbard's territorial limits within
                                        the Svalbard Treaty zone
  
                                       



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