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1. The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48
Leaf \Leaf\ (l[=e]f), n.; pl. Leaves (l[=e]vz). [OE. leef,
   lef, leaf, AS. le['a]f; akin to S. l[=o]f, OFries. laf, D.
   loof foliage, G. laub, OHG. loub leaf, foliage, Icel. lauf,
   Sw. l["o]f, Dan. l["o]v, Goth. laufs; cf. Lith. lapas. Cf.
   Lodge.]
   1. (Bot.) A colored, usually green, expansion growing from
      the side of a stem or rootstock, in which the sap for the
      use of the plant is elaborated under the influence of
      light; one of the parts of a plant which collectively
      constitute its foliage.
      [1913 Webster]

   Note: Such leaves usually consist of a blade, or lamina,
         supported upon a leafstalk or petiole, which, continued
         through the blade as the midrib, gives off woody ribs
         and veins that support the cellular texture. The
         petiole has usually some sort of an appendage on each
         side of its base, which is called the stipule. The
         green parenchyma of the leaf is covered with a thin
         epiderm pierced with closable microscopic openings,
         known as stomata.
         [1913 Webster]

   2. (Bot.) A special organ of vegetation in the form of a
      lateral outgrowth from the stem, whether appearing as a
      part of the foliage, or as a cotyledon, a scale, a bract,
      a spine, or a tendril.
      [1913 Webster]

   Note: In this view every part of a plant, except the root and
         the stem, is either a leaf, or is composed of leaves
         more or less modified and transformed.
         [1913 Webster]

   3. Something which is like a leaf in being wide and thin and
      having a flat surface, or in being attached to a larger
      body by one edge or end; as:
      (a) A part of a book or folded sheet containing two pages
          upon its opposite sides.
      (b) A side, division, or part, that slides or is hinged,
          as of window shutters, folding doors, etc.
      (c) The movable side of a table.
      (d) A very thin plate; as, gold leaf.
      (e) A portion of fat lying in a separate fold or layer.
      (f) One of the teeth of a pinion, especially when small.
          [1913 Webster]

   Leaf beetle (Zool.), any beetle which feeds upon leaves;
      esp., any species of the family Chrysomelid[ae], as the
      potato beetle and helmet beetle.

   Leaf bridge, a draw-bridge having a platform or leaf which
      swings vertically on hinges.

   Leaf bud (Bot.), a bud which develops into leaves or a
      leafy branch.

   Leaf butterfly (Zool.), any butterfly which, in the form
      and colors of its wings, resembles the leaves of plants
      upon which it rests; esp., butterflies of the genus
      Kallima, found in Southern Asia and the East Indies.

   Leaf crumpler (Zool.), a small moth (Phycis indigenella),
      the larva of which feeds upon leaves of the apple tree,
      and forms its nest by crumpling and fastening leaves
      together in clusters.

   Leaf fat, the fat which lies in leaves or layers within the
      body of an animal.

   Leaf flea (Zool.), a jumping plant louse of the family
      Psyllid[ae].

   Leaf frog (Zool.), any tree frog of the genus
      Phyllomedusa.

   Leaf green.(Bot.) See Chlorophyll.

   Leaf hopper (Zool.), any small jumping hemipterous insect
      of the genus Tettigonia, and allied genera. They live
      upon the leaves and twigs of plants. See Live hopper.

   Leaf insect (Zool.), any one of several genera and species
      of orthopterous insects, esp. of the genus Phyllium, in
      which the wings, and sometimes the legs, resemble leaves
      in color and form. They are common in Southern Asia and
      the East Indies.

   Leaf lard, lard from leaf fat. See under Lard.

   Leaf louse (Zool.), an aphid.

   Leaf metal, metal in thin leaves, as gold, silver, or tin.
      

   Leaf miner (Zool.), any one of various small lepidopterous
      and dipterous insects, which, in the larval stages, burrow
      in and eat the parenchyma of leaves; as, the pear-tree
      leaf miner (Lithocolletis geminatella).

   Leaf notcher (Zool.), a pale bluish green beetle (Artipus
      Floridanus), which, in Florida, eats the edges of the
      leaves of orange trees.

   Leaf roller (Zool.), See leaf roller in the vocabulary.
      

   Leaf scar (Bot.), the cicatrix on a stem whence a leaf has
      fallen.

   Leaf sewer (Zool.), a tortricid moth, whose caterpillar
      makes a nest by rolling up a leaf and fastening the edges
      together with silk, as if sewn; esp., Phoxopteris
      nubeculana, which feeds upon the apple tree.

   Leaf sight, a hinged sight on a firearm, which can be
      raised or folded down.

   Leaf trace (Bot.), one or more fibrovascular bundles, which
      may be traced down an endogenous stem from the base of a
      leaf.

   Leaf tier (Zool.), a tortricid moth whose larva makes a
      nest by fastening the edges of a leaf together with silk;
      esp., Teras cinderella, found on the apple tree.

   Leaf valve, a valve which moves on a hinge.

   Leaf wasp (Zool.), a sawfly.

   To turn over a new leaf, to make a radical change for the
      better in one's way of living or doing. [Colloq.]
      [1913 Webster]

            They were both determined to turn over a new leaf.
                                                  --Richardson.
      [1913 Webster] Leaf

2. The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48
Turn \Turn\ (t[^u]rn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Turned (t[^u]rnd);
   p. pr. & vb. n. Turning.] [OE. turnen, tournen, OF.
   tourner, torner, turner, F. tourner, LL. tornare, fr. L.
   tornare to turn in a lathe, to round off, fr. tornus a lathe,
   Gr. to`rnos a turner's chisel, a carpenter's tool for drawing
   circles; probably akin to E. throw. See Throw, and cf.
   Attorney, Return, Tornado, Tour, Tournament.]
   1. To cause to move upon a center, or as if upon a center; to
      give circular motion to; to cause to revolve; to cause to
      move round, either partially, wholly, or repeatedly; to
      make to change position so as to present other sides in
      given directions; to make to face otherwise; as, to turn a
      wheel or a spindle; to turn the body or the head.
      [1913 Webster]

            Turn the adamantine spindle round.    --Milton.
      [1913 Webster]

            The monarch turns him to his royal guest. --Pope.
      [1913 Webster]

   2. To cause to present a different side uppermost or outmost;
      to make the upper side the lower, or the inside to be the
      outside of; to reverse the position of; as, to turn a box
      or a board; to turn a coat.
      [1913 Webster]

   3. To give another direction, tendency, or inclination to; to
      direct otherwise; to deflect; to incline differently; --
      used both literally and figuratively; as, to turn the eyes
      to the heavens; to turn a horse from the road, or a ship
      from her course; to turn the attention to or from
      something. "Expert when to advance, or stand, or, turn the
      sway of battle." --Milton.
      [1913 Webster]

            Thrice I deluded her, and turned to sport
            Her importunity.                      --Milton.
      [1913 Webster]

            My thoughts are turned on peace.      --Addison.
      [1913 Webster]

   4. To change from a given use or office; to divert, as to
      another purpose or end; to transfer; to use or employ; to
      apply; to devote.
      [1913 Webster]

            Therefore he slew him, and turned the kingdom unto
            David.                                --1 Chron. x.
                                                  14.
      [1913 Webster]

            God will make these evils the occasion of a greater
            good, by turning them to advantage in this world.
                                                  --Tillotson.
      [1913 Webster]

            When the passage is open, land will be turned most
            to cattle; when shut, to sheep.       --Sir W.
                                                  Temple.
      [1913 Webster]

   5. To change the form, quality, aspect, or effect of; to
      alter; to metamorphose; to convert; to transform; -- often
      with to or into before the word denoting the effect or
      product of the change; as, to turn a worm into a winged
      insect; to turn green to blue; to turn prose into verse;
      to turn a Whig to a Tory, or a Hindu to a Christian; to
      turn good to evil, and the like.
      [1913 Webster]

            The Lord thy God will turn thy captivity, and have
            compassion upon thee.                 --Deut. xxx.
                                                  3.
      [1913 Webster]

            And David said, O Lord, I pray thee, turn the
            counsel of Ahithophel into foolishness. --2 Sam. xv.
                                                  31.
      [1913 Webster]

            Impatience turns an ague into a fever. --Jer.
                                                  Taylor.
      [1913 Webster]

   6. To form in a lathe; to shape or fashion (anything) by
      applying a cutting tool to it while revolving; as, to turn
      the legs of stools or tables; to turn ivory or metal.
      [1913 Webster]

            I had rather hear a brazen canstick turned. --Shak.
      [1913 Webster]

   7. Hence, to give form to; to shape; to mold; to put in
      proper condition; to adapt. "The poet's pen turns them to
      shapes." --Shak.
      [1913 Webster]

            His limbs how turned, how broad his shoulders spread
            !                                     --Pope.
      [1913 Webster]

            He was perfectly well turned for trade. --Addison.
      [1913 Webster]

   8. Specifically:
      (a) To translate; to construe; as, to turn the Iliad.
          [1913 Webster]

                Who turns a Persian tale for half a crown.
                                                  --Pope.
          [1913 Webster]
      (b) To make acid or sour; to ferment; to curdle, etc.: as,
          to turn cider or wine; electricity turns milk quickly.
          [1913 Webster]
      (c) To sicken; to nauseate; as, an emetic turns one's
          stomach.
          [1913 Webster]

   9. To make a turn about or around (something); to go or pass
      around by turning; as, to turn a corner.

            The ranges are not high or steep, and one can turn a
            kopje instead of cutting or tunneling through it.
                                                  --James Bryce.

   To be turned of, to be advanced beyond; as, to be turned of
      sixty-six.

   To turn a cold shoulder to, to treat with neglect or
      indifference.

   To turn a corner,
      (a) to go round a corner.
      (b) [Fig.] To advance beyond a difficult stage in a
          project, or in life.

   To turn adrift, to cast off, to cease to care for.

   To turn a flange (Mech.), to form a flange on, as around a
      metal sheet or boiler plate, by stretching, bending, and
      hammering, or rolling the metal.

   To turn against.
      (a) To direct against; as, to turn one's arguments against
          himself.
      (b) To make unfavorable or hostile to; as, to turn one's
          friends against him.

   To turn a hostile army, To turn the enemy's flank, or the
      like (Mil.), to pass round it, and take a position behind
      it or upon its side.

   To turn a penny, or To turn an honest penny, to make a
      small profit by trade, or the like.

   To turn around one's finger, to have complete control of
      the will and actions of; to be able to influence at
      pleasure.

   To turn aside, to avert.

   To turn away.
      (a) To dismiss from service; to discard; as, to turn away
          a servant.
      (b) To avert; as, to turn away wrath or evil.

   To turn back.
      (a) To give back; to return.
          [1913 Webster]

                We turn not back the silks upon the merchants,
                When we have soiled them.         --Shak.
          [1913 Webster]
      (b) To cause to return or retrace one's steps; hence, to
          drive away; to repel. --Shak.

   To turn down.
      (a) To fold or double down.
      (b) To turn over so as to conceal the face of; as, to turn
          down cards.
      (c) To lower, or reduce in size, by turning a valve,
          stopcock, or the like; as, turn down the lights.

   To turn in.
      (a) To fold or double under; as, to turn in the edge of
          cloth.
      (b) To direct inwards; as, to turn the toes in when
          walking.
      (c) To contribute; to deliver up; as, he turned in a large
          amount. [Colloq.]

   To turn in the mind, to revolve, ponder, or meditate upon;
      -- with about, over, etc. " Turn these ideas about in your
      mind." --I. Watts.

   To turn off.
      (a) To dismiss contemptuously; as, to turn off a sycophant
          or a parasite.
      (b) To give over; to reduce.
      (c) To divert; to deflect; as, to turn off the thoughts
          from serious subjects; to turn off a joke.
      (d) To accomplish; to perform, as work.
      (e) (Mech.) To remove, as a surface, by the process of
          turning; to reduce in size by turning.
      (f) To shut off, as a fluid, by means of a valve,
          stopcock, or other device; to stop the passage of; as,
          to turn off the water or the gas.

   To turn one's coat, to change one's uniform or colors; to
      go over to the opposite party.

   To turn one's goods or To turn one's money, and the like,
      to exchange in the course of trade; to keep in lively
      exchange or circulation; to gain or increase in trade.

   To turn one's hand to, to adapt or apply one's self to; to
      engage in.

   To turn out.
      (a) To drive out; to expel; as, to turn a family out of
          doors; to turn a man out of office.
          [1913 Webster]

                I'll turn you out of my kingdom.  -- Shak.
          [1913 Webster]
      (b) to put to pasture, as cattle or horses.
      (c) To produce, as the result of labor, or any process of
          manufacture; to furnish in a completed state.
      (d) To reverse, as a pocket, bag, etc., so as to bring the
          inside to the outside; hence, to produce.
      (e) To cause to cease, or to put out, by turning a
          stopcock, valve, or the like; as, to turn out the
          lights.

   To turn over.
      (a) To change or reverse the position of; to overset; to
          overturn; to cause to roll over.
      (b) To transfer; as, to turn over business to another
          hand.
      (c) To read or examine, as a book, while, turning the
          leaves. "We turned o'er many books together." --Shak.
      (d) To handle in business; to do business to the amount
          of; as, he turns over millions a year. [Colloq.]

   To turn over a new leaf. See under Leaf.

   To turn tail, to run away; to retreat ignominiously.

   To turn the back, to flee; to retreat.

   To turn the back on or

   To turn the back upon, to treat with contempt; to reject or
      refuse unceremoniously.

   To turn the corner, to pass the critical stage; to get by
      the worst point; hence, to begin to improve, or to
      succeed.

   To turn the die or To turn the dice, to change fortune.
      

   To turn the edge of or To turn the point of, to bend over
      the edge or point of so as to make dull; to blunt.

   To turn the head of or To turn the brain of, to make
      giddy, wild, insane, or the like; to infatuate; to
      overthrow the reason or judgment of; as, a little success
      turned his head.

   To turn the scale or To turn the balance, to change the
      preponderance; to decide or determine something doubtful;
      to tip the balance.

   To turn the stomach of, to nauseate; to sicken.

   To turn the tables, to reverse the chances or conditions of
      success or superiority; to give the advantage to the
      person or side previously at a disadvantage.

   To turn tippet, to make a change. [Obs.] --B. Jonson.

   To turn to profit, To turn to advantage, etc., to make
      profitable or advantageous.

   To turn turtle, to capsize bottom upward; -- said of a
      vessel. [Naut. slang]

   To turn under (Agric.), to put, as soil, manure, etc.,
      underneath from the surface by plowing, digging, or the
      like.

   To turn up.
      (a) To turn so as to bring the bottom side on top; as, to
          turn up the trump.
      (b) To bring from beneath to the surface, as in plowing,
          digging, etc.
      (c) To give an upward curve to; to tilt; as, to turn up
          the nose.

   To turn upon, to retort; to throw back; as, to turn the
      arguments of an opponent upon himself.

   To turn upside down, to confuse by putting things awry; to
      throw into disorder.
      [1913 Webster]

            This house is turned upside down since Robin Ostler
            died.                                 --Shak.
      [1913 Webster]

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