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1. CIA World Factbook 2002
Howland Island

   Introduction Howland Island
   ---------------------------
                            Background: Discovered by the US early in the
                                        19th century, the island was
                                        officially claimed by the US in
                                        1857. Both US and British companies
                                        mined for guano until about 1890.
                                        Earhart Light is a day beacon near
                                        the middle of the west coast that
                                        was partially destroyed during World
                                        War II, but has since been rebuilt;
                                        it is named in memory of the famed
                                        aviatrix Amelia EARHART. The island
                                        is administered by the US Department
                                        of the Interior as a National
                                        Wildlife Refuge.
  
   Geography Howland Island
   ------------------------
                              Location: Oceania, island in the North Pacific
                                        Ocean, about half way between Hawaii
                                        and Australia
                Geographic coordinates: 0 48 N, 176 38 W
                        Map references: Oceania
                                  Area: total: 1.6 sq km
                                        water: 0 sq km
                                        land: 1.6 sq km
                    Area - comparative: about three times the size of The
                                        Mall in Washington, DC
                       Land boundaries: 0 km
                             Coastline: 6.4 km
                       Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM
                                        territorial sea: 12 NM
                               Climate: equatorial; scant rainfall, constant
                                        wind, burning sun
                               Terrain: low-lying, nearly level, sandy,
                                        coral island surrounded by a narrow
                                        fringing reef; depressed central
                                        area
                    Elevation extremes: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
                                        highest point: unnamed location 3 m
                     Natural resources: guano (deposits worked until late
                                        1800s), terrestrial and aquatic
                                        wildlife
                              Land use: arable land: 0%
                                        permanent crops: 0%
                                        other: 100% (1998 est.)
                        Irrigated land: 0 sq km (1998 est.)
                       Natural hazards: the narrow fringing reef surrounding
                                        the island can be a maritime hazard
          Environment - current issues: no natural fresh water resources
                      Geography - note: almost totally covered with grasses,
                                        prostrate vines, and low-growing
                                        shrubs; small area of trees in the
                                        center; primarily a nesting,
                                        roosting, and foraging habitat for
                                        seabirds, shorebirds, and marine
                                        wildlife
  
   People Howland Island
   ---------------------
                            Population: uninhabited
                                        note: American civilians evacuated
                                        in 1942 after Japanese air and naval
                                        attacks during World War II;
                                        occupied by US military during World
                                        War II, but abandoned after the war;
                                        public entry is by special-use
                                        permit from US Fish and Wildlife
                                        Service only and generally
                                        restricted to scientists and
                                        educators; visited annually by US
                                        Fish and Wildlife Service (July 2002
                                        est.)
                Population growth rate: NA
  
   Government Howland Island
   -------------------------
                          Country name: conventional long form: none
                                        conventional short form: Howland
                                        Island
                     Dependency status: unincorporated territory of the US;
                                        administered from Washington, DC, by
                                        the Fish and Wildlife Service of the
                                        US Department of the Interior as
                                        part of the National Wildlife Refuge
                                        system
                          Legal system: the laws of the US, where
                                        applicable, apply
                      Flag description: the flag of the US is used
  
   Economy Howland Island
   ----------------------
                                    Economy - overview: no economic activity
  
  
   Transportation Howland Island
   -----------------------------
                             Waterways: none
                     Ports and harbors: none; offshore anchorage only; note
                                        - there is one small boat landing
                                        area along the middle of the west
                                        coast
                              Airports: airstrip constructed in 1937 for
                                        scheduled refueling stop on the
                                        round-the-world flight of Amelia
                                        EARHART and Fred NOONAN - they left
                                        Lae, New Guinea, for Howland Island,
                                        but were never seen again; the
                                        airstrip is no longer serviceable
                 Transportation - note: Earhart Light is a day beacon near
                                        the middle of the west coast that
                                        was partially destroyed during World
                                        War II, but has since been rebuilt;
                                        named in memory of famed aviatrix
                                        Amelia EARHART
  
   Military Howland Island
   -----------------------
                       Military - note: defense is the responsibility of the
                                        US; visited annually by the US Coast
                                        Guard
  
   Transnational Issues Howland Island
   -----------------------------------
                                              Disputes - international: none
  
                                       



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