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1. WordNet® 3.0 (2006)
Cambodia
    n 1: a nation in southeastern Asia; was part of Indochina under
         French rule until 1946 [syn: Cambodia, Kingdom of
         Cambodia, Kampuchea]

2. CIA World Factbook 2002
Cambodia

   Introduction Cambodia
   ---------------------
                            Background: Following a five-year struggle,
                                        Communist Khmer Rouge forces
                                        captured Phnom Penh in 1975 and
                                        ordered the evacuation of all cities
                                        and towns; over 1 million displaced
                                        people died from execution or
                                        enforced hardships. A 1978
                                        Vietnamese invasion drove the Khmer
                                        Rouge into the countryside and
                                        touched off 13 years of fighting.
                                        UN-sponsored elections in 1993
                                        helped restore some semblance of
                                        normalcy, as did the rapid
                                        diminishment of the Khmer Rouge in
                                        the mid-1990s. A coalition
                                        government, formed after national
                                        elections in 1998, brought renewed
                                        political stability and the
                                        surrender of remaining Khmer Rouge
                                        forces.
  
   Geography Cambodia
   ------------------
                              Location: Southeastern Asia, bordering the
                                        Gulf of Thailand, between Thailand,
                                        Vietnam, and Laos
                Geographic coordinates: 13 00 N, 105 00 E
                        Map references: Southeast Asia
                                  Area: total: 181,040 sq km
                                        land: 176,520 sq km
                                        water: 4,520 sq km
                    Area - comparative: slightly smaller than Oklahoma
                       Land boundaries: total: 2,572 km
                                        border countries: Laos 541 km,
                                        Thailand 803 km, Vietnam 1,228 km
                             Coastline: 443 km
                       Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 NM
                                        territorial sea: 12 NM
                                        continental shelf: 200 NM
                                        exclusive economic zone: 200 NM
                               Climate: tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May
                                        to November); dry season (December
                                        to April); little seasonal
                                        temperature variation
                               Terrain: mostly low, flat plains; mountains
                                        in southwest and north
                    Elevation extremes: lowest point: Gulf of Thailand 0 m
                                        highest point: Phnum Aoral 1,810 m
                     Natural resources: timber, gemstones, some iron ore,
                                        manganese, phosphates, hydropower
                                        potential
                              Land use: arable land: 20.96%
                                        permanent crops: 0.61%
                                        other: 78.43% (1998 est.)
                        Irrigated land: 2,700 sq km (1998 est.)
                       Natural hazards: monsoonal rains (June to November);
                                        flooding; occasional droughts
          Environment - current issues: illegal logging activities
                                        throughout the country and strip
                                        mining for gems in the western
                                        region along the border with
                                        Thailand have resulted in habitat
                                        loss and declining biodiversity (in
                                        particular, destruction of mangrove
                                        swamps threatens natural fisheries);
                                        soil erosion; in rural areas, a
                                        majority of the population does not
                                        have access to potable water; toxic
                                        waste delivery from Taiwan sparked
                                        unrest in Kampong Saom
                                        (Sihanoukville) in December 1998
            Environment - international party to: Biodiversity, Climate
                            agreements: Change, Desertification, Endangered
                                        Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine
                                        Life Conservation, Ozone Layer
                                        Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical
                                        Timber 94, Wetlands
                                        signed, but not ratified: Law of the
                                        Sea, Marine Dumping
                      Geography - note: a land of paddies and forests
                                        dominated by the Mekong River and
                                        Tonle Sap
  
   People Cambodia
   ---------------
                            Population: 12,775,324
                                        note: estimates for this country
                                        explicitly take into account the
                                        effects of excess mortality due to
                                        AIDS; this can result in lower life
                                        expectancy, higher infant mortality
                                        and death rates, lower population
                                        and growth rates, and changes in the
                                        distribution of population by age
                                        and sex than would otherwise be
                                        expected (July 2002 est.)
                         Age structure: 0-14 years: 40.7% (male 2,646,883;
                                        female 2,550,015)
                                        15-64 years: 55.8% (male 3,373,692;
                                        female 3,758,736)
                                        65 years and over: 3.5% (male
                                        182,149; female 263,849) (2002 est.)
                Population growth rate: 2.24% (2002 est.)
                            Birth rate: 32.93 births/1,000 population (2002
                                        est.)
                            Death rate: 10.51 deaths/1,000 population (2002
                                        est.)
                    Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002
                                        est.)
                             Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
                                        under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
                                        15-64 years: 0.9 male(s)/female
                                        65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/
                                        female
                                        total population: 0.94 male(s)/
                                        female (2002 est.)
                 Infant mortality rate: 64 deaths/1,000 live births (2002
                                        est.)
              Life expectancy at birth: total population: 57.1 years
                                        female: 59.5 years (2002 est.)
                                        male: 54.81 years
                  Total fertility rate: 4.66 children born/woman (2002 est.)
      HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 4.04% (1999 est.)
     HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/ 220,000 (1999 est.)
                                  AIDS:
                     HIV/AIDS - deaths: 14,000 (1999 est.)
                           Nationality: noun: Cambodian(s)
                                        adjective: Cambodian
                         Ethnic groups: Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese
                                        1%, other 4%
                             Religions: Theravada Buddhist 95%, other 5%
                             Languages: Khmer (official) 95%, French,
                                        English
                              Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read
                                        and write
                                        total population: 35%
                                        male: 48%
                                        female: 22% (1990 est.)
  
   Government Cambodia
   -------------------
                          Country name: conventional long form: Kingdom of
                                        Cambodia
                                        conventional short form: Cambodia
                                        local short form: Kampuchea
                                        local long form: Preahreacheanachakr
                                        Kampuchea
                                        former: Khmer Republic, Kampuchea
                                        Republic
                       Government type: multiparty democracy under a
                                        constitutional monarchy established
                                        in September 1993
                               Capital: Phnom Penh
              Administrative divisions: 20 provinces (khett, singular and
                                        plural) and 4 municipalities*
                                        (krong, singular and plural);
                                        Banteay Mean Cheay, Batdambang,
                                        Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang,
                                        Kampong Spoe, Kampong Thum, Kampot,
                                        Kandal, Kaoh Kong, Keb*, Kracheh,
                                        Mondol Kiri, Otdar Mean Cheay,
                                        Pailin*, Phnum Penh*, Pouthisat,
                                        Preah Seihanu* (Sihanoukville),
                                        Preah Vihear, Prey Veng, Rotanah
                                        Kiri, Siem Reab, Stoeng Treng, Svay
                                        Rieng, Takev
                          Independence: 9 November 1953 (from France)
                      National holiday: Independence Day, 9 November (1953)
                          Constitution: promulgated 21 September 1993
                          Legal system: primarily a civil law mixture of
                                        French-influenced codes from the
                                        United Nations Transitional
                                        Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC)
                                        period, royal decrees, and acts of
                                        the legislature, with influences of
                                        customary law and remnants of
                                        communist legal theory; increasing
                                        influence of common law in recent
                                        years
                              Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
                      Executive branch: chief of state: King Norodom
                                        SIHANOUK (reinstated 24 September
                                        1993)
                                        head of government: Prime Minister
                                        HUN SEN (since 30 November 1998) and
                                        Deputy Prime Ministers SAR KHENG
                                        (since NA) and TOL LAH (since NA)
                                        cabinet: Council of Ministers
                                        appointed by the monarch
                                        elections: none; the monarch is
                                        chosen by a Royal Throne Council;
                                        prime minister appointed by the
                                        monarch after a vote of confidence
                                        by the National Assembly
                    Legislative branch: bicameral consists of the National
                                        Assembly (122 seats; members elected
                                        by popular vote to serve five-year
                                        terms) and the Senate (61 seats; two
                                        members appointed by the monarch,
                                        two elected by the National
                                        Assembly, and 57 elected by
                                        "functional constituencies"; members
                                        serve five-year terms)
                                        elections: National Assembly - last
                                        held 26 July 1998 (next to be held
                                        NA July 2003); Senate - last held 2
                                        March 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)
  
                                        election results: National Assembly
                                        - percent of vote by party - CPP
                                        41%, FUNCINPEC 32%, SRP 14%, other
                                        13%; seats by party - CPP 64,
                                        FUNCINPEC 43, SRP 15; Senate -
                                        percent of vote by party - NA%;
                                        seats by party - CPP 31, FUNCINPEC
                                        21, SRP 7, other 2
                       Judicial branch: Supreme Council of the Magistracy
                                        (provided for in the constitution
                                        and formed in December 1997);
                                        Supreme Court (and lower courts)
                                        exercises judicial authority
         Political parties and leaders: Buddhist Liberal Party or BLP [IENG
                                        MOULY]; Cambodian Pracheachon Party
                                        or Cambodian People's Party or CPP
                                        [CHEA SIM]; Khmer Citizen Party or
                                        KCP [NGUON SOEUR]; National United
                                        Front for an Independent, Neutral,
                                        Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambodia
                                        or FUNCINPEC [Prince NORODOM
                                        RANARIDDH]; Sam Rangsi Party or SRP
                                        (formerly Khmer Nation Party or KNP)
                                        [SAM RANGSI]
          Political pressure groups and NA
                               leaders:
             International organization ACCT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP,
                         participation: ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
                                        ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO,
                                        IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM
                                        (observer), ISO (subscriber), ITU,
                                        NAM, OPCW (signatory), PCA, UN,
                                        UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU,
                                        WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
                                        (observer)
   Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador ROLAND
                                        ENG
                                        FAX: [1] (202) 726-8381
                                        telephone: [1] (202) 726-7742
                                        chancery: 4500 16th Street NW,
                                        Washington, DC 20011
     Diplomatic representation from the chief of mission: Ambassador Kent M.
                                    US: WIEDEMANN
                                        embassy: 16-18 Mongkol lem St. 228,
                                        Phnom Penh
                                        mailing address: Box P, APO AP 96546
  
                                        telephone: [855] (23) 216-436
                                        FAX: [855] (23) 216-437
                      Flag description: three horizontal bands of blue
                                        (top), red (double width), and blue
                                        with a white three-towered temple
                                        representing Angkor Wat outlined in
                                        black in the center of the red band
  
   Economy Cambodia
   ----------------
                    Economy - overview: Cambodia's economy slowed
                                        dramatically in 1997-98 due to the
                                        regional economic crisis, civil
                                        violence, and political infighting.
                                        Foreign investment and tourism fell
                                        off. In 1999, the first full year of
                                        peace in 30 years, progress was made
                                        on economic reforms and growth
                                        resumed at 5%. GDP growth for 2000
                                        had been projected to reach 5.5%,
                                        but the worst flooding in 70 years
                                        severely damaged agricultural crops,
                                        and high oil prices hurt industrial
                                        production, and growth for the year
                                        is estimated at only 4%. In 2001,
                                        severe floods damaged an estimated
                                        15% of the area devoted to rice.
                                        Tourism now is Cambodia's fastest
                                        growing industry, with arrivals up
                                        34% in 2000 and up another 40% in
                                        2001 before the September 11
                                        terrorist attacks in the US. The
                                        long-term development of the economy
                                        after decades of war remains a
                                        daunting challenge. The population
                                        lacks education and productive
                                        skills, particularly in the poverty-
                                        ridden countryside, which suffers
                                        from an almost total lack of basic
                                        infrastructure. Fear of renewed
                                        political instability and corruption
                                        within the government discourage
                                        foreign investment and delay foreign
                                        aid. On the brighter side, the
                                        government is addressing these
                                        issues with assistance from
                                        bilateral and multilateral donors.
                                   GDP: purchasing power parity - $18.7
                                        billion (2001 est.)
                GDP - real growth rate: 5.3% (2001 est.)
                      GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $1,500
                                        (2001 est.)
           GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 50%
                                        industry: 15%
                                        services: 35% (2000 est.)
         Population below poverty line: 36% (1997 est.)
     Household income or consumption by lowest 10%: 2.9%
                      percentage share: highest 10%: 33.8% (1997)
   Distribution of family income - Gini 40.4 (1997)
                                 index:
      Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.6% (2000 est.)
                           Labor force: 6 million (1998 est.)
           Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 80% (2001 est.)
                     Unemployment rate: 2.8% (1999 est.)
                                Budget: revenues: $363 million
                                        expenditures: $532 million,
                                        including capital expenditures of
                                        $225 million (2000 est.)
                            Industries: tourism, garments, rice milling,
                                        fishing, wood and wood products,
                                        rubber, cement, gem mining, textiles
     Industrial production growth rate: NA%
              Electricity - production: 132 million kWh (2000)
    Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 62.12%
                                        hydro: 37.88%
                                        other: 0% (2000)
                                        nuclear: 0%
             Electricity - consumption: 122.76 million kWh (2000)
                 Electricity - exports: 0 kWh (2000)
                 Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (2000)
                Agriculture - products: rice, rubber, corn, vegetables
                               Exports: $1.05 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
                 Exports - commodities: timber, garments, rubber, rice, fish
                    Exports - partners: US 46.4%, Vietnam 26.1%, Germany
                                        5.6%, Singapore 5.0%, UK 3.9% (2000)
                               Imports: $1.4 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
                 Imports - commodities: petroleum products, cigarettes,
                                        gold, construction materials,
                                        machinery, motor vehicles
                    Imports - partners: Singapore 22.5%, Thailand 19.8%,
                                        Hong Kong 15.6%, China 4.9%, Vietnam
                                        4.9% (2000)
                       Debt - external: $829 million (1999 est.)
              Economic aid - recipient: $548 million pledged in grants and
                                        concessional loans for 2001 by
                                        international donors
                              Currency: riel (KHR)
                         Currency code: KHR
                        Exchange rates: riels per US dollar - 3,895.0
                                        (January 2002), 3,918.5 (2001),
                                        3,840.8 (2000), 3,807.8 (1999),
                                        3,744.4 (1998), 2,946.3 (1997)
                           Fiscal year: calendar year
  
   Communications Cambodia
   -----------------------
        Telephones - main lines in use: 21,800 (mid-1998)
          Telephones - mobile cellular: 80,000 (2000)
                      Telephone system: general assessment: adequate
                                        landline and/or cellular service in
                                        Phnom Penh and other provincial
                                        cities; rural areas have little
                                        telephone service
                                        domestic: NA
                                        international: adequate but
                                        expensive landline and cellular
                                        service available to all countries
                                        from Phnom Penh and major provincial
                                        cities; satellite earth station - 1
                                        Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region)
              Radio broadcast stations: AM 7, FM 3, shortwave 3 (1999)
                                Radios: 1.34 million (1997)
         Television broadcast stations: 5 (1999)
                           Televisions: 94,000 (1997)
                 Internet country code: .kh
     Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 2 (2000)
                        Internet users: 6,000 (2001)
  
   Transportation Cambodia
   -----------------------
                              Railways: total: 603 km
                                        narrow gauge: 603 km 1.000-m gauge
                                        (2001 est.)
                              Highways: total: 35,769 km
                                        paved: 4,165 km
                                        unpaved: 31,604 km (1997)
                             Waterways: 3,700 km
                                        note: navigable all year to craft
                                        drawing 0.6 m or less; 282 km
                                        navigable to craft drawing as much
                                        as 1.8 m
                     Ports and harbors: Kampong Saom (Sihanoukville),
                                        Kampot, Krong Kaoh Kong, Phnom Penh
                       Merchant marine: total: 404 ships (1,000 GRT or over)
                                        totaling 1,889,404 GRT/2,740,232 DWT
  
                                        ships by type: bulk 37, cargo 312,
                                        chemical tanker 2, combination bulk
                                        5, container 7, liquefied gas 1,
                                        livestock carrier 2, multi-
                                        functional large-load carrier 1,
                                        passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker
                                        15, refrigerated cargo 10, roll on/
                                        roll off 9, short-sea passenger 2
                                        note: includes some foreign-owned
                                        ships registered here as a flag of
                                        convenience: Aruba 1, Belize 8,
                                        British Virgin Islands 1, Bulgaria
                                        3, China 21, Cyprus 15, Denmark 1,
                                        Egypt 7, Estonia 1, Georgia 1,
                                        Germany 1, Greece 12, Honduras 5,
                                        Hong Kong 12, Iceland 1, Indonesia
                                        2, Iran 1, Ireland 1, Italy 1, Japan
                                        5, Jordan 1, Latvia 2, Lebanon 5,
                                        Liberia 5, Lithuania 1, Malta 1,
                                        Netherlands 1, Norway 2, Panama 7,
                                        Romania 4, Russia 67, Saint Kitts
                                        and Nevis 10, Saint Vincent and the
                                        Grenadines 4, Singapore 15, South
                                        Korea 24, Syria 13, Thailand 1,
                                        Turkey 22, Ukraine 13, United Arab
                                        Emirates 2, United Kingdom 1, United
                                        States 5, Vietnam 2, Virgin Islands
                                        (UK) 1 (2002 est.)
                              Airports: 20 (2001)
         Airports - with paved runways: total: 5
                                        2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
                                        1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
                                        914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2001)
       Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 15
                                        under 914 m: 1 (2001)
                                        1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
                                        914 to 1,523 m: 13
                             Heliports: 2 (2001)
  
   Military Cambodia
   -----------------
                     Military branches: Royal Cambodian Armed Forces (RCAF):
                                        Army, Navy, Air Force
      Military manpower - military age: 18 years of age (2002 est.)
      Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 2,990,790 (2002
                                        est.)
   Military manpower - fit for military males age 15-49: 1,673,713 (2002
                               service: est.)
           Military manpower - reaching males: 162,643 (2002 est.)
                 military age annually:
         Military expenditures - dollar $112 million (FY01 est.)
                                figure:
     Military expenditures - percent of 3% (FY01 est.)
                                   GDP:
  
   Transnational Issues Cambodia
   -----------------------------
              Disputes - international: demarcation of boundaries with
                                        Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam is
                                        nearing completion; accuses Thailand
                                        of moving or destroying boundary
                                        markers and encroachment, of not
                                        respecting its claims, and of
                                        sealing off access to the Preah
                                        Vihear temple ruin awarded to
                                        Cambodia by the ICJ in 1962; accuses
                                        Vietnam of territorial encroachments
                                        and initiating armed border
                                        incidents in seven provinces,
                                        despite substantial demarcation
                                        efforts to date; disputes several
                                        offshore islands with Vietnam, which
                                        prevents delimitation of a maritime
                                        boundary
                         Illicit drugs: possible money laundering;
                                        narcotics-related corruption
                                        reportedly involving some in the
                                        government, military, and police;
                                        possible small-scale opium, heroin,
                                        and amphetamine production; large
                                        producer of cannabis for the
                                        international market
  
                                       



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